Methods for treating spinal muscular atrophy

ABSTRACT

The present invention provides nucleic acid constructs, methods for identifying and validating compounds that increase the inclusion of exon 7 of SMN2 into mRNA transcribed from the SMN2 gene, compounds and pharmaceutical compositions that increase levels of SMN protein produced from the SMN2 gene, and methods for use thereof in treating of SMA.

This application claims priority benefit of U.S. provisional applicationNo. 61/128,932, filed May 27, 2008, which is incorporated herein byreference in its entirety.

INTRODUCTION

The present invention relates to methods for treating for SpinalMuscular Atrophy and methods for identifying and validating compoundsfor use in treating this devastating neurological disease.

BACKGROUND

Spinal Muscular Atrophy (“SMA”), in its broadest sense, describes acollection of inherited and acquired central nervous system (CNS)diseases characterized by motor neuron loss in the spinal cord andbrainstem causing muscle weakness and atrophy. The most common form ofSMA is caused by mutation of the Survival Motor Neuron (“SMN”) gene, andmanifests over a wide range of severity affecting infants throughadults.

Infantile SMA is one of the most severe forms of this neurodegenerativedisorder. The onset is usually sudden and dramatic. Some of the symptomsinclude: muscle weakness, poor muscle tone, weak cry, limpness or atendency to flop, difficulty sucking or swallowing, accumulation ofsecretions in the lungs or throat, feeding difficulties and increasedsusceptibility to respiratory tract infections. The legs tend to beweaker than the arms and developmental milestones, such as lifting thehead or sitting up, cannot be reached. In general, the earlier thesymptoms appear, the shorter the lifespan. Shortly after symptomsappear, the motor neuron cells quickly deteriorate. The disease can befatal and has no known cure. The course of SMA is directly related tothe severity of weakness. Infants with a severe form of SMA frequentlysuccumb to respiratory disease due to weakness in the muscles thatsupport breathing. Children with milder forms of SMA live much longer,although they may need extensive medical support, especially those atthe more severe end of the spectrum. Disease progression and lifeexpectancy strongly correlate with the subject's age at onset and thelevel of weakness. The clinical spectrum of SMA disorders has beendivided into the following five groups:

(a) In Utero SMA (Type 0 SMA; before birth): Type 0, also known as verysevere SMA, is the most severe form of SMA and begins before birth.Usually, the first symptom of type 0 is reduced movement of the fetusthat is first seen between 30 and 36 weeks of the pregnancy. Afterbirth, these newborns have little movement and have difficulties withswallowing and breathing.

(b) Infantile SMA (Type 1 SMA or Werdnig-Hoffmann disease; generally 0-6months): Type 1 SMA, also known as severe infantile SMA or WerdnigHoffmann disease, is the very severe, and manifests at birth or within 6months of life. Patients never achieve the ability to sit, and deathusually occurs within the first 2 years without ventilatory support.

(c) Intermediate SMA (Type 2 SMA; generally 7-18 months): Patients withType 2 SMA, or intermediate SMA, achieve the ability to sit unsupported,but never stand or walk unaided. The onset of weakness is usuallyrecognized some time between 6 and 18 months. Prognosis in this group islargely dependent on the degree of respiratory involvement.

(d) Juvenile SMA (Type 3 or Kugelberg-Welander disease; generally >18months): Type 3 SMA describes those who are able to walk independentlyat some point during their disease course, but often become wheelchairbound during youth or adulthood.

(e) Adult SMA (Type 4 SMA): Weakness usually begins in late adolescencein tongue, hands, or feet then progresses to other areas of the body.The course of adult disease is much slower and has little or no impacton life expectancy.

The SMA disease gene has been mapped by linkage analysis to a complexregion of chromosome 5q. In humans, this region has a large invertedduplication; consequently, there are two copies of the SMN gene. SMA iscaused by a mutation or deletion of the telomeric copy of the gene(SMN1) in both chromosomes, resulting in the loss of SMN1 gene function.However, all patients retain a centromeric copy of the gene (SMN2), andits copy number in SMA patients has been implicated as having animportant modifying effect on disease severity; i.e., an increased copynumber of SMN2 is observed in less severe disease. Nevertheless, SMN2 isunable to compensate completely for the loss of SMN1 function, becausethe SMN2 gene produces reduced amounts of full-length RNA and is lessefficient at making protein, although, it does so in low amounts. Moreparticularly, the SMN1 and SMN2 genes differ by five nucleotides; one ofthese differences—a translationally silent C to T substitution in anexonic splicing region—results in frequent exon 7 skipping duringtranscription of SMN2. As a result, the majority of transcripts producedfrom SMN2 lack exon 7 (SMNΔEx7), and encode a truncated protein that hasan impaired function and is rapidly degraded.

The SMN protein is thought to play a role in RNA processing andmetabolism, having a well characterized function of regulating theassembly of a specific class of RNA-protein complexes called snRNPs. SMNmay have other functions in motor neurons, however its role inpreventing the selective degeneration of motor neurons is not known.

In most cases, a diagnosis of SMA can be made on the basis of clinicalsymptoms and by the SMN gene test, which determines whether there is atleast one copy of the SMN1 gene by detecting its unique sequences (thatdistinguish it from the almost identical SMN2) in exon 7 and exon 8.However, other forms of SMA are caused by mutation of other genes, someknown and others not defined. In some cases, when the SMN gene test isnot possible, or does not show any abnormality, other tests such as anelectromyography (EMG) or muscle biopsy may be indicated.

Medical care for SMA patients is supportive, including, respiratory,nutritional and rehabilitation care; there is no drug known to otherwisealter the course of the disease. Current treatment for SMA consists ofprevention and management of the secondary effect of chronic motor unitloss. The major management issue in Type 1 SMA is the prevention andearly treatment of pulmonary problems, which are the cause of death inthe majority of the cases. While some infants afflicted with SMA grow tobe adults, those with Type 1 SMA have a life expectancy of less than twoyears.

As a result of the progress made in understanding the genetic basis andpathophysiology of SMA, several strategies for treatment have beenexplored, but none have yet demonstrated success. For example, genereplacement (of SMN1) and cell replacement (using differentiated EScells) strategies are being tested in animals. However, these approachesto treat SMA will require many more years of investigation before theycan be applied to humans. Other approaches under exploration includesearching for drugs that increase SMN levels, enhance residual SMNfunction, or compensate for its loss.

A system designed for identifying compounds that increase the inclusionof exon 7 of SMN2 into mRNA transcribed from the SMN2 gene has beenreported (Zhang et al., 2001, Gene Therapy 8:1532-1538). However, thecompounds identified using this system have been shown not to modulateinclusion of exon 7 into mRNA transcribed from the SMN2 gene, but ratherto increase SMN protein levels by promoting transcriptional readthroughof a stop codon (see Lunn et al., 2004, Chemistry & Biology 11:1489-1493and Heemskerk et al., 2007, International Patent Application No.PCT/US2007/006772, published as WO97/109211).

Drugs such as indoprofen or aminoglycosides, which enhance expression ofthe SMN protein from SMN2 by promoting translational read-through of astop codon, have been assessed in cell culture, but have poor centralnervous system penetration. Chemotherapeutic agents, such asaclarubicin, have been shown to increase SMN protein in cell culture;however, the toxicity profile of these drugs prohibits long-term use inSMA patients. Some drugs under clinical investigation for the treatmentof SMA include transcription activators, such as histone deacetylase(“HDAC”) inhibitors (e.g., butyrates, valproic acid, and hydroxyurea),the goal being to increase transcription of the SMN2 gene. However, theuse of the HDAC inhibitors results in a global (nonspecific) increase intranscription and gene expression. In an alternative approach, the useof neuroprotectants that have demonstrated modest efficacy in otherneurodegenerative conditions (e.g., riluzole, which is used in patientswith ALS) have been chosen for investigation. Such strategies are notaimed at SMN for the treatment of SMA, but instead, are being exploredto protect the SMN-deficient motor neurons from neurodegeneration.

Despite the progress made in understanding the genetic basis andpathophysiology of SMA, no therapy exists to alter the course of SMA,one of the most devastating childhood neurological diseases.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

The present invention relates to methods for the treatment of SMA byenhancing the inclusion of exon 7 of SMN2 into mRNA transcribed from theSMN2 gene. Compounds that enhance the inclusion of exon 7 of SMN2 intomRNA transcribed from the SMN2 gene increase levels of SMN proteinproduced from the SMN2 gene, and thus can be used to treat SMA in ahuman subject in need thereof.

SMA is caused by deletion or mutation of the SMN1 gene, resulting inselective degeneration of SMN-deficient motor neurons. Although humansubjects retain a copy of SMN2 with its predominant gene productSMNΔEx7, the small amount of full-length SMN expressed does not fullycompensate for the loss of SMN1 function. Compounds that enhance theinclusion of exon 7 of SMN2 into mRNA transcribed from the SMN2 gene andas a result increase expression of stable and functional SMN protein aredescribed. Such compounds can be used in therapeutic regimens for thetreatment of SMA in human subjects in need thereof.

The invention is based, in part, on the Applicants discovery of anucleic acid construct comprising a minigene that encodes a truncatedSMN-reporter fusion protein comprising a truncated SMN protein and areporter protein and which reproduces the exon 7 splicing reaction ofSMN2 that results in exon 7 skipping in the majority of wild-type SMN2transcripts. The inclusion of exon 7 is increased when the nucleic acidconstruct is contacted with a compound, and as a result, there is anincrease in the expression of the fusion protein encoded by theminigene. Therefore, the nucleic acid construct may be used in assays toidentify compounds that modulate the inclusion of exon 7 of SMN2 intomRNA transcribed from the SMN2 gene.

In one embodiment, the nucleic acid construct comprises a minigene,wherein the minigene comprises, in 5′ to 3′ order: the nucleic acidresidues of exon 6 of SMN, the nucleic acid residues of intron 6 of SMN,the nucleic acid residues of exon 7 of SMN2, the nucleic acid residuesof intron 7 of SMN, a fragment of exon 8 of SMN, and the nucleic acidresidues of the coding sequence of a reporter gene lacking a startcodon, wherein either a single adenine, thymine or cytosine residue isinserted after nucleic acid residue 48 of the nucleic acid residues ofexon 7 of SMN2, or a single nucleotide is inserted after nucleic acidresidue 45, 46 or 47 of exon 7 of SMN2. In one aspect, the minigenecomprises a start codon 5′ to the nucleic acid residues of exon 6 ofSMN, wherein the first codon of the coding sequence of the reporter geneand the start codon of the minigene are in the same open reading frame.In accordance with the invention, the nucleic acid construct describedin this embodiment may be transfected into host cells and the cells maybe used to identify compounds that modulate the inclusion of exon 7 ofSMN2 into mRNA transcribed from the SMN2 gene.

In another embodiment, the nucleic acid construct comprises a minigene,wherein the minigene comprises, in 5′ to 3′ order: the nucleic acidresidues of exon 6 of SMN or a fragment thereof, the nucleic acidresidues of intron 6 of SMN or a fragment thereof, the nucleic acidresidues of exon 7 of SMN2, the nucleic acid residues of intron 7 of SMNor a fragment thereof, a fragment of exon 8 of SMN, and the nucleic acidresidues of the coding sequence of a reporter gene lacking a startcodon, wherein either a single adenine, thymine or cytosine residue isinserted after nucleic acid residue 48 of the nucleic acid residues ofexon 7 of SMN2, or a single nucleotide is inserted after nucleic acidresidue 45, 46 or 47 of exon 7 of SMN2, and wherein the first startcodon of the fragment of the nucleic acid residues of exon 6 of SMN andthe first codon of the coding sequence of the reporter gene are in thesame open reading frame. In accordance with the invention, the nucleicacid construct described in this embodiment may be transfected into hostcells and the cells may be used to identify compounds that modulate theinclusion of exon 7 of SMN2 into mRNA transcribed from the SMN2 gene.

In another embodiment, the nucleic acid construct comprises a minigene,wherein the minigene comprises, in 5′ to 3′ order: a start codon, thenucleic acid residues of exon 6 of SMN or a fragment thereof, thenucleic acid residues of intron 6 of SMN or a fragment thereof, thenucleic acid residues of exon 7 of SMN2, the nucleic acid residues ofintron 7 of SMN or a fragment thereof, a fragment of exon 8 of SMN, andthe nucleic acid residues of the coding sequence of a reporter genelacking a start codon, wherein either a single adenine, thymine orcytosine residue is inserted after nucleic acid residue 48 of thenucleic acid residues of exon 7 of SMN2, or a single nucleotide isinserted after nucleic acid residue 45, 46 or 47 of exon 7 of SMN2, andwherein the first codon of the coding sequence of the reporter gene andthe first start codon of the minigene are in the same open readingframe. In accordance with the invention, the nucleic acid constructdescribed in this embodiment may be transfected into host cells and thecells may be used to identify compounds that modulate the inclusion ofexon 7 of SMN2 into mRNA transcribed from the SMN2 gene.

In another embodiment, the nucleic acid construct comprises a minigene,wherein the minigene comprises, in 5′ to 3′ order: nucleic acid residuesencoding a first amino acid sequence, the nucleic acid residues ofintron 6 of SMN or a fragment thereof, the nucleic acid residues of exon7 of SMN2, the nucleic acid residues of intron 7 of SMN or a fragmentthereof, nucleic acid residues encoding a second amino acid sequence,and the nucleic acid residues of the coding sequence of a reporter genelacking a start codon, wherein (i) either a single adenine, thymine orcytosine residue is inserted after nucleic acid residue 48 of thenucleic acid residues of exon 7 of SMN2, or a single nucleotide isinserted after nucleic acid residue 45, 46 or 47 of exon 7 of SMN2; (ii)the nucleic acid residues encoding the first amino acid sequence includea start codon; (iii) the nucleic acid residues encoding the first andsecond amino acid sequences permit removal of an intron via mRNAsplicing, and (iv) the first codon of the coding sequence of thereporter gene and the start codon of the nucleic acid residues encodingthe first amino acid sequence are in the same open reading frame. Inaccordance with the invention, the nucleic acid construct described inthis embodiment may be transfected into host cells and the cells may beused to identify compounds that modulate the inclusion of exon 7 of SMN2into mRNA transcribed from the SMN2 gene.

In another embodiment, the nucleic acid construct comprises a minigene,wherein the minigene comprises, in 5′ to 3′ order: a start codon,nucleic acid residues encoding a first amino acid sequence, the nucleicacid residues of intron 6 of SMN or a fragment thereof, the nucleic acidresidues of exon 7 of SMN2, the nucleic acid residues of intron 7 of SMNor a fragment thereof, nucleic acid residues encoding a second aminoacid sequence, and the nucleic acid residues of the coding sequence of areporter gene lacking a start codon, wherein (i) either a singleadenine, thymine or cytosine residue is inserted after nucleic acidresidue 48 of the nucleic acid residues of exon 7 of SMN2, or a singlenucleotide is inserted after nucleic acid residue 45, 46 or 47 of exon 7of SMN2; (ii) the nucleic acid residues encoding the first and secondamino acid sequences permit removal of an intron via mRNA splicing, and(iii) the first codon of the coding sequence of the reporter gene andthe first start codon of the minigene are in the same open readingframe. In accordance with the invention, the nucleic acid constructdescribed in this embodiment may be transfected into host cells and thecells may be used to identify compounds that modulate the inclusion ofexon 7 of SMN2 into mRNA transcribed from the SMN2 gene.

The invention also provides host cells containing the nucleic acidconstructs described herein. A host cell may be transformed ortransfected with one or several of the nucleic acid constructs describedherein. In one embodiment, the host cell is transiently transfected witha nucleic acid construct described herein. In an alternative embodiment,the host cell is stably transfected with a nucleic acid constructdescribed herein. In one specific embodiment, the host cell is amammalian cell. In another specific embodiment, the host cell is a humancell. Host cells containing a nucleic acid construct described hereinmay be used in the screening assays described herein.

The invention provides assays for the identification of compounds thatenhance the inclusion of exon 7 of SMN2 into mRNA transcribed from theSMN2 gene. In one embodiment, an assay of the present invention includesa method for the identification of a compound that increases theinclusion of exon 7 of SMN2 into mRNA transcribed from the SMN2 genecomprising the steps of: (a) contacting a compound with a host cellcontaining a nucleic acid construct comprising a minigene, wherein theminigene comprises, in 5′ to 3′ order: the nucleic acid residues of exon6 of SMN, the nucleic acid residues of intron 6 of SMN, the nucleic acidresidues of exon 7 of SMN2, the nucleic acid residues of intron 7 ofSMN, a fragment of exon 8 of SMN, and the nucleic acid residues of thecoding sequence of a reporter gene lacking a start codon, wherein eithera single adenine, thymine or cytosine residue is inserted after nucleicacid residue 48 of the nucleic acid residues of exon 7 of SMN2, or asingle nucleotide is inserted after nucleic acid residue 45, 46 or 47 ofexon 7 of SMN2; and (b) detecting the activity or amount of a fusionprotein encoded by the minigene, wherein an increase in the activity oramount of the fusion protein expressed by the host cell in the presenceof the compound relative to the activity or amount of the fusion proteinexpressed by the host cell in the absence of the compound or thepresence of a negative control compound, or relative to a previouslydetermined reference range indicates that the compound increases theinclusion of exon 7 of SMN2 into mRNA transcribed from the SMN2 gene. Inone aspect, the minigene comprises a start codon 5′ to the nucleic acidresidues of exon 6 of SMN, wherein the first codon of the codingsequence of the reporter gene and the start codon of the minigene are inthe same open reading frame. In some embodiments, a compound thatenhances the inclusion of exon 7 of SMN2 into mRNA transcribed from theSMN2 gene is identified if the activity or amount of the fusion proteinexpressed by the host cell in the presence of the compound is increasedrelative to a previously determined reference range.

In another embodiment, an assay of the present invention includes amethod for the identification of a compound that increases the inclusionof exon 7 of SMN2 into mRNA transcribed from the SMN2 gene comprisingthe steps of: (a) contacting a compound with a host cell containing anucleic acid construct comprising a minigene, wherein the minigenecomprises, in 5′ to 3′ order: the nucleic acid residues of exon 6 of SMNor a fragment thereof, the nucleic acid residues of intron 6 of SMN or afragment thereof, the nucleic acid residues of exon 7 of SMN2, thenucleic acid residues of intron 7 of SMN or a fragment thereof, afragment of exon 8 of SMN, and the nucleic acid residues of the codingsequence of a reporter gene lacking a start codon, wherein either asingle adenine, thymine or cytosine residue is inserted after nucleicacid residue 48 of the nucleic acid residues of exon 7 of SMN2, or asingle nucleotide is inserted after nucleic acid residue 45, 46 or 47 ofexon 7 of SMN2, and wherein the first start codon of the fragment of thenucleic acid residues of exon 6 of SMN and the first codon of the codingsequence of the reporter gene are in the same open reading frame; and(b) detecting the activity or amount of a fusion protein encoded by theminigene, wherein an increase in the activity or amount of the fusionprotein expressed by the host cell in the presence of the compoundrelative to the activity or amount of the fusion protein expressed bythe host cell in the absence of the compound or the presence of anegative control compound, or relative to a previously determinedreference range indicates that the compound increases the inclusion ofexon 7 of SMN2 into mRNA transcribed from the SMN2 gene. In someembodiments, a compound that increases the inclusion of exon 7 of SMN2into mRNA transcribed from the SMN2 gene is identified if the activityof the fusion protein expressed by the host cell in the presence of thecompound is increased relative to a previously determined referencerange.

In another embodiment, an assay of the present invention includes amethod for the identification of a compound that increases the inclusionof exon 7 of SMN2 into mRNA transcribed from the SMN2 gene comprisingthe steps of: (a) contacting a compound with a host cell containing anucleic acid construct comprising a minigene, wherein the minigenecomprises, in 5′ to 3′ order: a start codon, the nucleic acid residuesof exon 6 of SMN or a fragment thereof, the nucleic acid residues ofintron 6 of SMN or a fragment thereof, the nucleic acid residues of exon7 of SMN2, the nucleic acid residues of intron 7 of SMN or a fragmentthereof, a fragment of exon 8 of SMN, and the nucleic acid residues ofthe coding sequence of a reporter gene lacking a start codon, whereineither a single adenine, thymine or cytosine residue is inserted afternucleic acid residue 48 of the nucleic acid residues of exon 7 of SMN2,or a single nucleotide is inserted after nucleic acid residue 45, 46 or47 of exon 7 of SMN2, and wherein the first codon of the coding sequenceof the reporter gene and the first start codon of the minigene are inthe same open reading frame; and (b) detecting the activity or amount ofa fusion protein encoded by the minigene, wherein an increase in theactivity or amount of the fusion protein expressed by the host cell inthe presence of the compound relative to the activity or amount of thefusion protein expressed by the host cell in the absence of the compoundor the presence of a negative control compound, or relative to apreviously determined reference range indicates that the compoundincreases the inclusion of exon 7 of SMN2 into mRNA transcribed from theSMN2 gene. In some embodiments, a compound that enhances the inclusionof exon 7 of SMN2 into mRNA transcribed from the SMN2 gene is identifiedif the activity of the fusion protein expressed by the host cell in thepresence of the compound is increased relative to a previouslydetermined reference range.

In another embodiment, an assay of the present invention includes amethod for the identification of a compound that increases the inclusionof exon 7 of SMN2 into mRNA transcribed from the SMN2 gene comprisingthe steps of: (a) contacting a compound with a host cell containing anucleic acid construct comprising a minigene, wherein the minigenecomprises, in 5′ to 3′ order: nucleic acid residues encoding a firstamino acid sequence, the nucleic acid residues of intron 6 of SMN or afragment thereof, the nucleic acid residues of exon 7 of SMN2, thenucleic acid residues of intron 7 of SMN or a fragment thereof, nucleicacid residues encoding a second amino acid sequence, and the nucleicacid residues of the coding sequence of a reporter gene lacking a startcodon, wherein (i) either a single adenine, thymine or cytosine residueis inserted after nucleic acid residue 48 of the nucleic acid residuesof exon 7 of SMN2, or a single nucleotide is inserted after nucleic acidresidue 45, 46 or 47 of exon 7 of SMN2; (ii) the nucleic acid residuesencoding the first amino acid sequence include a start codon; (iii) thenucleic acid residues encoding the first and second amino acid sequencespermit removal of an intron via mRNA splicing, and (iv) the first codonof the coding sequence of the reporter gene and the start codon of thenucleic acid residues encoding the first amino acid sequence are in thesame open reading frame; and (b) detecting the activity or amount of afusion protein encoded by the minigene, wherein an increase in theactivity or amount of the fusion protein expressed by the host cell inthe presence of the compound relative to the activity or amount of thefusion protein expressed by the host cell in the absence of the compoundor the presence of a negative control compound, or relative to apreviously determined reference range indicates that the compoundincreases the inclusion of exon 7 of SMN2 into mRNA transcribed from theSMN2 gene. In some embodiments, a compound that enhances the inclusionof exon 7 of SMN2 into mRNA transcribed from the SMN2 gene is identifiedif the activity of the fusion protein expressed by the host cell in thepresence of the compound is increased relative to a previouslydetermined reference range.

In another embodiment, an assay of the present invention includes amethod for the identification of a compound that increases the inclusionof exon 7 of SMN2 into mRNA transcribed from the SMN2 gene comprisingthe steps of: (a) contacting a compound with a host cell containing anucleic acid construct comprising a minigene, wherein the minigenecomprises, in 5′ to 3′ order: a start codon, nucleic acid residuesencoding a first amino acid sequence, the nucleic acid residues ofintron 6 of SMN or a fragment thereof, the nucleic acid residues of exon7 of SMN2, the nucleic acid residues of intron 7 of SMN or a fragmentthereof, nucleic acid residues encoding a second amino acid sequence,and the nucleic acid residues of the coding sequence of a reporter genelacking a start codon, wherein (i) either a single adenine, thymine orcytosine residue is inserted after nucleic acid residue 48 of thenucleic acid residues of exon 7 of SMN2, or a single nucleotide isinserted after nucleic acid residue 45, 46 or 47 of exon 7 of SMN2; (ii)the nucleic acid residues encoding the first and second amino acidsequences permit removal of an intron via mRNA splicing, and (iii) thefirst codon of the coding sequence of the reporter gene and the firststart codon of the minigene are in the same open reading frame; and (b)detecting the activity or amount of a fusion protein encoded by theminigene, wherein an increase in the activity or amount of the fusionprotein expressed by the host cell in the presence of the compoundrelative to the activity or amount of the fusion protein expressed bythe host cell in the absence of the compound or the presence of anegative control compound, or relative to a previously determinedreference range indicates that the compound increases the inclusion ofexon 7 of SMN2 into mRNA transcribed from the SMN2 gene. In someembodiments, a compound that enhances the inclusion of exon 7 of SMN2into mRNA transcribed from the SMN2 gene is identified if the activityof the fusion protein expressed by the host cell in the presence of thecompound is increased relative to a previously determined referencerange.

In some embodiments, in addition to, or as an alternative to, detectingthe activity of the fusion protein, the amount of the fusion protein canbe detected. In accordance with such embodiments, a compound thatincreases the inclusion of exon 7 of SMN2 into mRNA transcribed from theSMN2 gene is identified if the amount of the fusion protein expressed bythe host cell in the presence of the compound is increased relative to:(i) the amount of the fusion protein expressed by the host cell in theabsence of the compound or (ii) the amount of the fusion proteinexpressed by the host cell in presence of a negative control (e.g., PBSor DMSO), or (iii) a previously determined reference range.

In certain embodiments, the terms “increased” and “greater” in thecontext of the amount or activity of a fusion protein refer to: (i) a10%, 20%, 30%, 40%, 50%, 75%, 100%, 150%, 200% or more increase; (ii) a1.5, 2, 3, 4, or 5 fold or more increase; or (iii) a statisticallysignificant increase in the amount or activity of the fusion proteinrelative to a control. In certain embodiments, the terms “increased” and“greater” in the context of the amount of mRNA transcript containingexon 7 of SMN2 or a fragment thereof refer to: (i) a 10%, 20%, 30%, 40%,50% or more increase; (ii) a 1.5, 2, 3, 4, or 5 fold or more increase;or (iii) a statistically significant increase in the amount of mRNAtranscript containing exon 7 of SMN2 or a fragment thereof relative to acontrol. In a specific embodiment, a statistically significant increaseis a p value of less than 0.1, 0.05, 0.01, or 0.001.

In some embodiments, in addition to, or as an alternative to, detectingthe amount and/or activity of the fusion protein, the amount of mRNAcontaining exon 7 of SMN2 transcribed from the minigene can be detected.In accordance with such embodiments, a compound that increases theinclusion of exon 7 of SMN2 into mRNA transcribed from the SMN2 gene isidentified if the amount of mRNA containing exon 7 of SMN2 transcribedfrom the minigene is increased in the presence of the compound relativeto the amount of mRNA containing exon 7 of SMN2 transcribed from theminigene in the absence of the compound, in the presence of a negativecontrol, or relative to a previously determined reference range. As aresult of such assays, compounds that specifically increase theinclusion of exon 7 of SMN2 during splicing may be selected.

In another embodiment, an assay of the present invention includes amethod for the identification and/or validation of a compound thatincreases the inclusion of exon 7 of SMN2 into mRNA transcribed from theSMN2 gene comprising the steps of: (a) contacting a first concentrationof a compound with a first host cell containing a first nucleic acidconstruct which comprises a first minigene, wherein the first minigenecomprises, in 5′ to 3′ order: the nucleic acid residues of exon 6 ofSMN, the nucleic acid residues of intron 6 of SMN, the nucleic acidresidues of exon 7 of SMN2, the nucleic acid residues of intron 7 ofSMN, a fragment of exon 8 of SMN, and the nucleic acid residues of thecoding sequence of a first reporter gene lacking a start codon, whereineither a single adenine, thymine or cytosine residue is inserted afternucleic acid residue 48 of the nucleic acid residues of exon 7 of SMN2,or a single nucleotide is inserted after nucleic acid residue 45, 46 or47 of exon 7 of SMN2; (b) detecting the activity or amount of a firstfusion protein encoded by the first minigene; and (c) comparing theactivity or amount of the first fusion protein with the activity oramount of a second fusion protein expressed by a second host cellcontacted with a second concentration of the compound, wherein the firstand second concentrations of the compound are equivalent, and whereinthe second host cell contains a second nucleic acid construct comprisinga second minigene encoding the second fusion protein which comprises, in5′ to 3′ order: the nucleic acid residues of exon 6 of SMN, the nucleicacid residues of intron 6 of SMN, the nucleic acid residues of exon 7 ofSMN2, the nucleic acid residues of intron 7 of SMN, a fragment of exon 8of SMN, and the nucleic acid residues of the coding sequence of a secondreporter gene lacking a start codon, wherein a single guanine residue isinserted after nucleic acid residue 48 of exon 7 of SMN2; wherein acompound that increases the inclusion of exon 7 of SMN2 into mRNAtranscribed from the SMN2 gene is identified and/or validated if theactivity or amount of the first fusion protein expressed by the firsthost cell is increased in the presence of the compound relative to theactivity or amount of the first fusion protein expressed by the firsthost cell in the absence of the compound or the presence of a negativecontrol (e.g., PBS or DMSO), or relative to a previously determinedreference range, and the activity or amount of the second fusion proteinexpressed by the second host cell is not significantly altered in thepresence of the compound relative to the absence of the compound or thepresence of a negative control (e.g., PBS or DMSO), or relative to apreviously determined reference range. In one aspect, the first andsecond minigenes each comprise a start codon 5′ to the nucleic acidresidues of exon 6 of SMN, wherein the first codon of the codingsequence of the first reporter gene and the start codon of the firstminigene are in the same open reading frame, and wherein the first codonof the coding sequence of the second reporter gene and the start codonof the second minigene are in the same open reading frame.

In another embodiment, an assay of the present invention includes amethod for the identification and/or validation of a compound thatincreases the inclusion of exon 7 of SMN2 into mRNA transcribed from theSMN2 gene comprising the steps of: (a) contacting a first concentrationof a compound with a first host cell containing a first nucleic acidconstruct which comprises a first minigene, wherein the first minigenecomprises, in 5′ to 3′ order: the nucleic acid residues of exon 6 of SMNor a fragment thereof, the nucleic acid residues of intron 6 of SMN or afragment thereof, the nucleic acid residues of exon 7 of SMN2, thenucleic acid residues of intron 7 of SMN or a fragment thereof, afragment of exon 8 of SMN, and the nucleic acid residues of the codingsequence of a first reporter gene lacking a start codon, wherein eithera single adenine, thymine or cytosine residue is inserted after nucleicacid residue 48 of the nucleic acid residues of exon 7 of SMN2, or asingle nucleotide is inserted after nucleic acid residue 45, 46 or 47 ofexon 7 of SMN2, and wherein the first codon of the coding sequence ofthe first reporter gene and the first start codon of the nucleic acidresidues of exon 6 of SMN or a fragment thereof of the first minigeneare in the same open reading frame; (b) detecting the activity or amountof a first fusion protein encoded by the first minigene; and (c)comparing the activity or amount of the first fusion protein with theactivity or amount of a second fusion protein expressed by a second hostcell contacted with a second concentration of the compound, wherein thefirst and second concentrations of the compound are equivalent, andwherein the second host cell contains a second nucleic acid constructcomprising a second minigene encoding the second fusion protein whichcomprises, in 5′ to 3′ order: the nucleic acid residues of exon 6 of SMNor a fragment thereof, the nucleic acid residues of intron 6 of SMN or afragment thereof, the nucleic acid residues of exon 7 of SMN2, thenucleic acid residues of intron 7 of SMN or a fragment thereof, afragment of exon 8 of SMN, and the nucleic acid residues of the codingsequence of a second reporter gene lacking a start codon, wherein asingle guanine residue is inserted after nucleic acid residue 48 of exon7 of SMN2, and wherein the first codon of the coding sequence of thesecond reporter gene and the first start codon of the nucleic acidresidues of exon 6 of SMN or a fragment thereof of the second minigeneare in the same open reading frame; wherein a compound that increasesthe inclusion of exon 7 of SMN2 into mRNA transcribed from the SMN2 geneis identified and/or validated if the activity or amount of the firstfusion protein expressed by the first host cell is increased in thepresence of the compound relative to the activity or amount of the firstfusion protein expressed by the first host cell in the absence of thecompound or the presence of a negative control (e.g., PBS or DMSO), orrelative to a previously determined reference range, and the activity oramount of the second fusion protein expressed by the second host cell isnot significantly altered in the presence of the compound relative tothe absence of the compound or the presence of a negative control (e.g.,PBS or DMSO), or relative to a previously determined reference range.

In another embodiment, an assay of the present invention includes amethod for the identification and/or validation of a compound thatincreases the inclusion of exon 7 of SMN2 into mRNA transcribed from theSMN2 gene comprising the steps of: (a) contacting a first concentrationof a compound with a first host cell containing a first nucleic acidconstruct which comprises a first minigene, wherein the first minigenecomprises, in 5′ to 3′ order: a start codon, the nucleic acid residuesof exon 6 of SMN or a fragment thereof, the nucleic acid residues ofintron 6 of SMN or a fragment thereof, the nucleic acid residues of exon7 of SMN2, the nucleic acid residues of intron 7 of SMN or a fragmentthereof, a fragment of exon 8 of SMN, and the nucleic acid residues ofthe coding sequence of a first reporter gene lacking a start codon,wherein either a single adenine, thymine or cytosine residue is insertedafter nucleic acid residue 48 of the nucleic acid residues of exon 7 ofSMN2, or a single nucleotide is inserted after nucleic acid residue 45,46 or 47 of exon 7 of SMN2, and wherein the first codon of the codingsequence of the first reporter gene and the first start codon of thefirst minigene are in the same open reading frame; (b) detecting theactivity or amount of a first fusion protein encoded by the firstminigene; and (c) comparing the activity or amount of the first fusionprotein with the activity or amount of a second fusion protein expressedby a second host cell contacted with a second concentration of thecompound, wherein the first and second concentrations of the compoundare equivalent, and wherein the second host cell contains a secondnucleic acid construct comprising a second minigene encoding the secondfusion protein which comprises, in 5′ to 3′ order: a start codon, thenucleic acid residues of exon 6 of SMN or a fragment thereof, thenucleic acid residues of intron 6 of SMN or a fragment thereof, thenucleic acid residues of exon 7 of SMN2, the nucleic acid residues ofintron 7 of SMN or a fragment thereof, a fragment of exon 8 of SMN, andthe nucleic acid residues of the coding sequence of a second reportergene lacking a start codon, wherein a single guanine residue is insertedafter nucleic acid residue 48 of the nucleic acid residues of exon 7 ofSMN2, and wherein the first codon of the coding sequence of the secondreporter gene and the first start codon of the second minigene are inthe same open reading frame; wherein a compound that increases theinclusion of exon 7 of SMN2 into mRNA transcribed from the SMN2 gene isidentified and/or validated if the activity or amount of the firstfusion protein expressed by the first host cell is increased in thepresence of the compound relative to the activity or amount of the firstfusion protein expressed by the first host cell in the absence of thecompound or the presence of a negative control (e.g., PBS or DMSO), orrelative to a previously determined reference range, and the activity oramount of the second fusion protein expressed by the second host cell isnot significantly altered in the presence of the compound relative tothe absence of the compound or the presence of a negative control (e.g.,PBS or DMSO), or relative to a previously determined reference range.

In another embodiment, an assay of the present invention includes amethod for the identification and/or validation of a compound thatincreases the inclusion of exon 7 of SMN2 into mRNA transcribed from theSMN2 gene comprising the steps of: (a) contacting a first concentrationof a compound with a first host cell containing a first nucleic acidconstruct which comprises a first minigene, wherein the first minigenecomprises, in 5′ to 3′ order: nucleic acid residues encoding a firstamino acid sequence, the nucleic acid residues of intron 6 of SMN or afragment thereof, the nucleic acid residues of exon 7 of SMN2, thenucleic acid residues of intron 7 of SMN or a fragment thereof, nucleicacid residues encoding a second amino acid sequence, and the nucleicacid residues of the coding sequence of a first reporter gene lacking astart codon, wherein (i) either a single adenine, thymine or cytosineresidue is inserted after nucleic acid residue 48 of the nucleic acidresidues of exon 7 of SMN2, or a single nucleotide is inserted afternucleic acid residue 45, 46 or 47 of exon 7 of SMN2; (ii) the nucleicacid residues encoding the first amino acid sequence include a startcodon; (iii) the nucleic acid residues encoding the first and secondamino acid sequences permit removal of an intron via mRNA splicing, and(iv) the first codon of the coding sequence of the first reporter geneand the first start codon of the first amino acid sequence are in thesame open reading frame; (b) detecting the activity or amount of a firstfusion protein encoded by the first minigene; and (c) comparing theactivity or amount of the first fusion protein with the activity oramount of a second fusion protein expressed by a second host cellcontacted with a second concentration of the compound, wherein the firstand second concentrations of the compound are equivalent, and whereinsecond host cell contains a second nucleic acid construct comprising asecond minigene encoding the second fusion protein which comprises, in5′ to 3′ order: nucleic acid residues encoding a third amino acidsequence, the nucleic acid residues of intron 6 of SMN or a fragmentthereof, the nucleic acid residues of exon 7 of SMN2, the nucleic acidresidues of intron 7 of SMN or a fragment thereof, nucleic acid residuesencoding a fourth amino acid sequence, and the nucleic acid residues ofthe coding sequence of a second reporter gene lacking a start codon,wherein (i) a single guanine residue is inserted after nucleic acidresidue 48 of the nucleic acid residues of exon 7 of SMN2; (ii) thenucleic acid residues encoding the third amino acid sequence include astart codon; (iii) the nucleic acid residues encoding the third andfourth amino acid sequences permit removal of an intron via mRNAsplicing, and (iv) the first codon of the coding sequence of the secondreporter gene and the first start codon of the third amino acid sequenceare in the same open reading frame; wherein a compound that increasesthe inclusion of exon 7 of SMN2 into mRNA transcribed from the SMN2 geneis identified and/or validated if the activity or amount of the firstfusion protein expressed by the first host cell is increased in thepresence of the compound relative to the activity or amount of the firstfusion protein expressed by the first host cell in the absence of thecompound or the presence of a negative control (e.g., PBS or DMSO), orrelative to a previously determined reference range, and the activity oramount of the second fusion protein expressed by the second host cell isnot significantly altered in the presence of the compound relative tothe absence of the compound or the presence of a negative control (e.g.,PBS or DMSO), or relative to a previously determined reference range.

In another embodiment, an assay of the present invention includes amethod for the identification and/or validation of a compound thatincreases the inclusion of exon 7 of SMN2 into mRNA transcribed from theSMN2 gene comprising the steps of: (a) contacting a first concentrationof a compound with a first host cell containing a first nucleic acidconstruct which comprises a first minigene, wherein the first minigenecomprises, in 5′ to 3′ order: a start codon, nucleic acid residuesencoding a first amino acid sequence, the nucleic acid residues ofintron 6 of SMN or a fragment thereof, the nucleic acid residues of exon7 of SMN2, the nucleic acid residues of intron 7 of SMN or a fragmentthereof, nucleic acid residues encoding a second amino acid sequence,and the nucleic acid residues of the coding sequence of a first reportergene lacking a start codon, wherein (i) either a single adenine, thymineor cytosine residue is inserted after nucleic acid residue 48 of thenucleic acid residues of exon 7 of SMN2, or a single nucleotide isinserted after nucleic acid residue 45, 46 or 47 of exon 7 of SMN2; (ii)the nucleic acid residues encoding the first and second amino acidsequences permit removal of an intron via mRNA splicing, and (iii) thefirst codon of the coding sequence of the first reporter gene and thefirst start codon of the first minigene are in the same open readingframe; (b) detecting the activity or amount of a first fusion proteinencoded by the first minigene; and (c) comparing the activity or amountof the first fusion protein with the activity or amount of a secondfusion protein expressed by a second host cell contacted with a secondconcentration of the compound, wherein the first and secondconcentrations of the compound are equivalent, and wherein the secondhost cell contains a second nucleic acid construct comprising a secondminigene encoding the second fusion protein which comprises, in 5′ to 3′order: a start codon, nucleic acid residues encoding a third amino acidsequence, the nucleic acid residues of intron 6 of SMN or a fragmentthereof, the nucleic acid residues of exon 7 of SMN2, the nucleic acidresidues of intron 7 of SMN or a fragment thereof, nucleic acid residuesencoding a fourth amino acid sequence, and the nucleic acid residues ofthe coding sequence of a second reporter gene lacking a start codon,wherein (i) a single guanine residue is inserted after nucleic acidresidue 48 of the nucleic acid residues of exon 7 of SMN2; (ii) thenucleic acid residues encoding the third and fourth amino acid sequencespermit removal of an intron via mRNA splicing, and (iii) the first codonof the coding sequence of the second reporter gene and the start codonof the second minigene are in the same open reading frame; wherein acompound that increases the inclusion of exon 7 of SMN2 into mRNAtranscribed from the SMN2 gene is identified and/or validated if theactivity or amount of the first fusion protein expressed by the firsthost cell is increased in the presence of the compound relative to theactivity or amount of the first fusion protein expressed by the firsthost cell in the absence of the compound or the presence of a negativecontrol (e.g., PBS or DMSO), or relative to a previously determinedreference range, and the activity or amount of the second fusion proteinexpressed by the second host cell is not significantly altered in thepresence of the compound relative to the absence of the compound or thepresence of a negative control (e.g., PBS or DMSO), or relative to apreviously determined reference range.

In some embodiments, in addition to, or as an alternative to, detectingthe activity of the first and second fusion proteins, the amount of thefirst and second fusion proteins can be detected. In accordance withsuch embodiments, a compound that enhances the inclusion of exon 7 ofSMN2 into mRNA transcribed from the SMN2 gene is identified andvalidated if: (i) the amount of the first fusion protein expressed bythe first host cell is increased in the presence of the compoundrelative to the activity of the first fusion protein expressed by thefirst host cell in the absence of the compound or the presence of anegative control (e.g., PBS or DMSO), or relative to a previouslydetermined reference range; and (ii) the amount of the second fusionprotein expressed by the second host cell is not significantly alteredin the presence of the compound relative to the activity of the secondfusion protein expressed by the second host cell in the absence of thecompound or the presence of a negative control (e.g., PBS or DMSO), orrelative to a previously determined reference range.

In some embodiments, in addition to, or as an alternative to, detectingthe amount and/or activity of the first and second fusion proteins, theamount of mRNA transcribed from the first and second minigenes can bedetected. In accordance with such embodiments, a compound that increasesthe inclusion of exon 7 of SMN2 into mRNA transcribed from the SMN2 geneis identified and validated if: (i) the amount of mRNA containing exon 7of SMN2 transcribed from the first minigene is increased in the presenceof a compound relative to the amount of mRNA containing exon 7 of SMN2transcribed from the first minigene in the absence of the compound orthe presence of a negative control (e.g., PBS or DMSO), or relative to apreviously determined reference range; and (ii) the amount of the mRNAcontaining exon 7 of SMN2 transcribed from the second minigene is notsignificantly altered in the presence of the compound relative to theamount of mRNA containing exon 7 of SMN2 transcribed from the secondminigene in the absence of the compound or the presence of a negativecontrol (e.g., PBS or DMSO), or relative to a previously determinedreference range.

In these and other embodiments, the terms “not significantly altered”and “not significantly alter” refer to a difference in values for ameasurement (e.g., the amount and/or activity of a fusion proteinencoded by a minigene described herein) taken of replicate wells of asample under the same conditions with the exception of one variable(such as the addition of a compound), which difference is notstatistically significant. For example, the difference in the amountand/or activity of a fusion protein encoded by a nucleic acid constructas described herein in the presence of a compound relative to theabsence of the compound under otherwise the same conditions is notstatistically significant. Further, e.g., the difference in the amountof mRNA containing exon 7 of SMN2 transcribed from a minigene describedherein in the presence of a compound relative to the absence of thecompound under otherwise the same conditions is not statisticallysignificant. In a specific embodiment, a difference is not statisticallysignificant if the p-value is greater 0.01, 0.05, 0.1, or 0.001.

In another embodiment, an assay of the present invention includes amethod for the identification and/or validation of a compound thatincreases the inclusion of exon 7 of SMN2 into mRNA transcribed from theSMN2 gene comprising the steps of: (a) contacting a compound with a hostcell containing (i) a first nucleic acid construct comprising a firstminigene which comprises, in 5′ to 3′ order: the nucleic acid residuesof exon 6 of SMN, the nucleic acid residues of intron 6 of SMN, thenucleic acid residues of exon 7 of SMN2, the nucleic acid residues ofintron 7 of SMN, a fragment of exon 8 of SMN, and the nucleic acidresidues of the coding sequence of a first reporter gene lacking a startcodon, wherein either a single adenine, thymine or cytosine residue isinserted after nucleic acid residue 48 of the nucleic acid residues ofexon 7 of SMN2, or a single nucleotide is inserted after nucleic acidresidue 45, 46 or 47 of exon 7 of SMN2; and (ii) a second nucleic acidconstruct comprising a second minigene which comprises, in 5′ to 3′order: the nucleic acid residues of exon 6 of SMN, the nucleic acidresidues of intron 6 of SMN, the nucleic acid residues of exon 7 ofSMN2, the nucleic acid residues of intron 7 of SMN, and a fragment ofexon 8 of SMN, and the nucleic acid residues of the coding sequence of asecond reporter gene lacking a start codon, wherein (i) a single guanineresidue is inserted after nucleic acid residue 48 of exon 7 of SMN2, and(ii) the second reporter gene is different than the first reporter gene;(b) detecting the activity or amount of a first fusion protein encodedby the first minigene and the activity or amount of a second fusionprotein encoded by the second minigene; and (c) comparing the activityor amount of the first fusion protein with the activity or amount of thesecond fusion protein; wherein a compound that increases the inclusionof exon 7 of SMN2 into mRNA transcribed from the SMN2 gene is identifiedand/or validated if the activity or amount of the first fusion proteinexpressed by the host cell is increased in the presence of the compoundrelative to the activity or amount of the first fusion protein expressedby the host cell in the absence of the compound or the presence of anegative control (e.g., PBS or DMSO), or relative to a previouslydetermined reference range, and the activity or amount of the secondfusion protein expressed by the host cell is not significantly alteredin the presence of the compound relative to the absence of the compoundor the presence of a negative control (e.g., PBS or DMSO), or relativeto a previously determined reference range. In one aspect, the first andsecond minigenes each comprise a start codon 5′ to the nucleic acidresidues of exon 6 of SMN, wherein the first codon of the codingsequence of the first reporter gene and the start codon of the firstminigene are in the same open reading frame, and wherein the first codonof the coding sequence of the second reporter gene and the start codonof the second minigene are in the same open reading frame.

In another embodiment, an assay of the present invention includes amethod for the identification and/or validation of a compound thatincreases the inclusion of exon 7 of SMN2 into mRNA transcribed from theSMN2 gene comprising the steps of: (a) contacting a compound with a hostcell containing (i) a first nucleic acid construct comprising a firstminigene which comprises, in 5′ to 3′ order: the nucleic acid residuesof exon 6 of SMN or a fragment thereof, the nucleic acid residues ofintron 6 of SMN or a fragment thereof, the nucleic acid residues of exon7 of SMN2, the nucleic acid residues of intron 7 of SMN or a fragmentthereof, a fragment of exon 8 of SMN, and the nucleic acid residues ofthe coding sequence of a first reporter gene lacking a start codon,wherein either a single adenine, thymine or cytosine residue is insertedafter nucleic acid residue 48 of the nucleic acid residues of exon 7 ofSMN2, or a single nucleotide is inserted after nucleic acid residue 45,46 or 47 of exon 7 of SMN2, and wherein the first codon of the codingsequence of the first reporter gene and the first start codon of thenucleic acid residues of exon 6 of SMN or a fragment thereof of thefirst minigene are in the same open reading frame; and (ii) a secondnucleic acid construct comprising a second minigene which comprises, in5′ to 3′ order: the nucleic acid residues of exon 6 of SMN or a fragmentthereof, the nucleic acid residues of intron 6 of SMN or a fragmentthereof, the nucleic acid residues of exon 7 of SMN2, the nucleic acidresidues of intron 7 of SMN or a fragment thereof, a fragment of exon 8of SMN, and the nucleic acid residues of the coding sequence of a secondreporter gene lacking a start codon, wherein a single guanine residue isinserted after nucleic acid residue 48 of the nucleic acid residues ofexon 7 of SMN2, and wherein the first codon of the coding sequence ofthe second reporter gene and the first start codon of the nucleic acidresidues of exon 6 of SMN or a fragment thereof of the second minigeneare in the same open reading frame; (b) detecting the activity or amountof a first fusion protein encoded by the first minigene and the activityor amount of a second fusion protein encoded by the second minigene; and(c) comparing the activity or amount of the first fusion protein withthe activity or amount of the second fusion protein; wherein a compoundthat increases the inclusion of exon 7 of SMN2 into mRNA transcribedfrom the SMN2 gene is identified and/or validated if the activity oramount of the first fusion protein expressed by the host cell isincreased in the presence of the compound relative to the activity oramount of the first fusion protein expressed by the host cell in theabsence of the compound or the presence of a negative control (e.g., PBSor DMSO), or relative to a previously determined reference range, andthe activity or amount of the second fusion protein expressed by thehost cell is not significantly altered in the presence of the compoundrelative to the absence of the compound or the presence of a negativecontrol (e.g., PBS or DMSO), or relative to a previously determinedreference range.

In another embodiment, an assay of the present invention includes amethod for the identification and/or validation of a compound thatincreases the inclusion of exon 7 of SMN2 into mRNA transcribed from theSMN2 gene comprising the steps of: (a) contacting a compound with a hostcell containing (i) a first nucleic acid construct comprising a firstminigene which comprises, in 5′ to 3′ order: a start codon, the nucleicacid residues of exon 6 of SMN or a fragment thereof, the nucleic acidresidues of intron 6 of SMN or a fragment thereof, the nucleic acidresidues of exon 7 of SMN2, the nucleic acid residues of intron 7 of SMNor a fragment thereof, a fragment of exon 8 of SMN, and the nucleic acidresidues of the coding sequence of a first reporter gene lacking a startcodon, wherein either a single adenine, thymine or cytosine residue isinserted after nucleic acid residue 48 of the nucleic acid residues ofexon 7 of SMN2, or a single nucleotide is inserted after nucleic acidresidue 45, 46 or 47 of exon 7 of SMN2, and wherein the first codon ofthe coding sequence of the first reporter gene and the first start codonof the first minigene are in the same open reading frame; and (ii) asecond nucleic acid construct comprising a second minigene whichcomprises, in 5′ to 3′ order: a start codon, the nucleic acid residuesof exon 6 of SMN or a fragment thereof, the nucleic acid residues ofintron 6 of SMN or a fragment thereof, the nucleic acid residues of exon7 of SMN2, the nucleic acid residues of intron 7 of SMN or a fragmentthereof, a fragment of exon 8 of SMN, and the nucleic acid residues ofthe coding sequence of a second reporter gene lacking a start codon,wherein a single guanine residue is inserted after nucleic acid residue48 of the nucleic acid residues of exon 7 of SMN2, and wherein the firstcodon of the coding sequence of the second reporter gene and the firststart codon of the second minigene are in the same open reading frame;(b) detecting the activity or amount of a first fusion protein encodedby the first minigene and the activity or amount of a second fusionprotein encoded by the second minigene; and (c) comparing the activityor amount of the first fusion protein with the activity or amount of thesecond fusion protein; wherein a compound that increases the inclusionof exon 7 of SMN2 into mRNA transcribed from the SMN2 gene is identifiedand/or validated if the activity or amount of the first fusion proteinexpressed by the host cell is increased in the presence of the compoundrelative to the activity or amount of the first fusion protein expressedby the host cell in the absence of the compound or the presence of anegative control (e.g., PBS or DMSO), or relative to a previouslydetermined reference range, and the activity or amount of the secondfusion protein expressed by the host cell is not significantly alteredin the presence of the compound relative to the absence of the compoundor the presence of a negative control (e.g., PBS or DMSO), or relativeto a previously determined reference range.

In another embodiment, an assay of the present invention includes amethod for the identification and/or validation of a compound thatincreases the inclusion of exon 7 of SMN2 into mRNA transcribed from theSMN2 gene comprising the steps of: (a) contacting a compound with a hostcell containing (1) a first nucleic acid construct comprising a firstminigene which comprises, in 5′ to 3′ order: nucleic acid residuesencoding a first amino acid sequence, the nucleic acid residues ofintron 6 of SMN or a fragment thereof, the nucleic acid residues of exon7 of SMN2, the nucleic acid residues of intron 7 of SMN or a fragmentthereof, nucleic acid residues encoding a second amino acid sequence,and the nucleic acid residues of the coding sequence of a first reportergene lacking a start codon, wherein (i) either a single adenine, thymineor cytosine residue is inserted after nucleic acid residue 48 of thenucleic acid residues of exon 7 of SMN2, or a single nucleotide isinserted after nucleic acid residue 45, 46 or 47 of exon 7 of SMN2; (ii)the nucleic acid residues encoding the first amino acid sequenceincludes a start codon; (iii) the nucleic acid residues encoding thefirst and second amino acid sequences permit removal of an intron viamRNA splicing, and (iv) the first codon of the coding sequence of thefirst reporter gene and the first start codon of the first amino acidsequence are in the same open reading frame; and (2) a second nucleicacid construct comprising a second minigene which comprises, in 5′ to 3′order: nucleic acid residues encoding a third amino acid sequence, thenucleic acid residues of intron 6 of SMN or a fragment thereof, thenucleic acid residues of exon 7 of SMN2, the nucleic acid residues ofintron 7 of SMN or a fragment thereof, nucleic acid residues encoding afourth amino acid sequence, and the nucleic acid residues of the codingsequence of a second reporter gene lacking a start codon, wherein (i) asingle guanine residue is inserted after nucleic acid residue 48 of thenucleic acid residues of exon 7 of SMN2; (ii) the nucleic acid residuesencoding the third amino acid sequence include a start codon, (iii) thenucleic acid residues encoding the third and fourth amino acid sequencespermit removal of an intron via mRNA splicing, (iv) the first codon ofthe coding sequence of the second reporter gene and the first startcodon of the third amino acid sequence are in the same open readingframe, and (v) the second reporter gene is different than the firstreporter gene; (b) detecting the activity or amount of a first fusionprotein encoded by the first minigene and the activity or amount of asecond fusion protein encoded by the second minigene; and (c) comparingthe activity or amount of the first fusion protein with the activity oramount of the second fusion protein; wherein a compound that increasesthe inclusion of exon 7 of SMN2 into mRNA transcribed from the SMN2 geneis identified and/or validated if the activity or amount of the firstfusion protein expressed by the host cell is increased in the presenceof the compound relative to the activity or amount of the first fusionprotein expressed by the host cell in the absence of the compound or thepresence of a negative control (e.g., PBS or DMSO), or relative to apreviously determined reference range, and the activity or amount of thesecond fusion protein expressed by the host cell is not significantlyaltered in the presence of the compound relative to the absence of thecompound or the presence of a negative control (e.g., PBS or DMSO), orrelative to a previously determined reference range. In one aspect, thefirst minigene comprises a start codon 5′ to the nucleic acid residuesencoding a first amino acid sequence and the second minigene comprises astart codon 5′ to the nucleic acid residues encoding a third amino acidsequence, wherein the first codon of the coding sequence of the firstreporter gene and the start codon of the first minigene are in the sameopen reading frame, and wherein the first codon of the coding sequenceof the second reporter gene and the start codon of the second minigeneare in the same open reading frame.

In another embodiment, an assay of the present invention includes amethod for the identification and/or validation of a compound thatincreases the inclusion of exon 7 of SMN2 into mRNA transcribed from theSMN2 gene comprising the steps of: (a) contacting a compound with a hostcell containing (1) a first nucleic acid construct comprising a firstminigene which comprises, in 5′ to 3′ order: a start codon, nucleic acidresidues encoding a first amino acid sequence, the nucleic acid residuesof intron 6 of SMN or a fragment thereof, the nucleic acid residues ofexon 7 of SMN2, the nucleic acid residues of intron 7 of SMN or afragment thereof, nucleic acid residues encoding a second amino acidsequence, and the nucleic acid residues of the coding sequence of afirst reporter gene lacking a start codon, wherein (i) either a singleadenine, thymine or cytosine residue is inserted after nucleic acidresidue 48 of the nucleic acid residues of exon 7 of SMN2, or a singlenucleotide is inserted after nucleic acid residue 45, 46 or 47 of exon 7of SMN2; (ii) the nucleic acid residues encoding the first and secondamino acid sequences permit removal of an intron via mRNA splicing, and(iii) the first codon of the coding sequence of the first reporter geneand the first start codon of the first minigene are in the same openreading frame; and (2) a second nucleic acid construct comprising asecond minigene which comprises, in 5′ to 3′ order: a start codon,nucleic acid residues encoding a third amino acid sequence, the nucleicacid residues of intron 6 of SMN or a fragment thereof, the nucleic acidresidues of exon 7 of SMN2, the nucleic acid residues of intron 7 of SMNor a fragment thereof, nucleic acid residues encoding a fourth aminoacid sequence, and the nucleic acid residues of the coding sequence of asecond reporter gene lacking a start codon, wherein (i) a single guanineresidue is inserted after nucleic acid residue 48 of the nucleic acidresidues of exon 7 of SMN2; (ii) the nucleic acid residues encoding thethird and fourth amino acid sequences permit removal of an intron viamRNA splicing, (iii) the first codon of the coding sequence of thesecond reporter gene and the first start codon of the second minigeneare in the same open reading frame, and (iv) the second reporter gene isdifferent than the first reporter gene; (b) detecting the activity oramount of a first fusion protein encoded by the first minigene and theactivity or amount of a second fusion protein encoded by the secondminigene; and (c) comparing the activity or amount of the first fusionprotein with the activity or amount of the second fusion protein;wherein a compound that increases the inclusion of exon 7 of SMN2 intomRNA transcribed from the SMN2 gene is identified and/or validated ifthe activity or amount of the first fusion protein expressed by the hostcell is increased in the presence of the compound relative to theactivity or amount of the first fusion protein expressed by the hostcell in the absence of the compound or the presence of a negativecontrol (e.g., PBS or DMSO), or relative to a previously determinedreference range, and the activity or amount of the second fusion proteinexpressed by the host cell is not significantly altered in the presenceof the compound relative to the absence of the compound or the presenceof a negative control (e.g., PBS or DMSO), or relative to a previouslydetermined reference range.

In some embodiments, in addition to, or as an alternative to, detectingthe activity of the first and second fusion proteins, the amount of thefirst and second proteins encoded by the first and second nucleic acidconstructs, respectively, can be detected. In accordance with suchembodiments, a compound that enhances the inclusion of exon 7 of theSMN2 into mRMA transcribed from the SMN2 gene is identified and/orvalidated if: (i) the amount of the first fusion protein expressed bythe host cell is increased in the presence of the compound relative tothe amount of the first fusion protein expressed by the host cell in theabsence of the compound or the presence of a negative control (e.g., PBSor DMSO), or relative to a previously determined reference range; and(ii) the amount of the second fusion protein expressed by the host cellis not significantly altered in the presence of the compound relative tothe amount of the second fusion protein expressed by the host cell inthe absence of the compound or the presence of a negative control (e.g.,PBS or DMSO), or relative to a previously determined reference range.

In some embodiments, in addition to, or as an alternative to, detectingthe amount and/or activity of the first and second fusion proteins, theamount of mRNA containing exon 7 of SMN2 transcribed from each of thefirst and second minigenes can be detected. In accordance with suchembodiments, a compound that enhances the inclusion of exon 7 of SMN2into mRNA transcribed from the SMN2 gene is identified and validated if:(i) the amount of mRNA containing exon 7 of SMN2 transcribed from thefirst minigene is increased in the presence the compound relative to theamount of mRNA containing exon 7 of SMN2 transcribed from the firstminigene in the absence of the compound or the presence of a negativecontrol (e.g., PBS or DMSO), or relative to a previously determinedreference range; and (ii) the amount of mRNA containing exon 7 of SMN2transcribed from the second minigene is not significantly altered in thepresence of the compound relative to the amount of mRNA containing exon7 of SMN2 transcribed from the second minigene in the absence of thecompound or the presence of a negative control (e.g., PBS or DMSO), orrelative to a previously determined reference range.

In addition to cell-based assays, cell-free assays maybe used toidentify or validate compounds that enhance the inclusion of exon 7 ofSMN2 into mRNA transcribed from the SMN2 gene.

In one embodiment, an assay of the present invention includes a methodfor the identification of a compound that increases the inclusion ofexon 7 of SMN2 into mRNA transcribed from the SMN2 gene comprising thesteps of: (a) contacting a compound with a composition comprising acell-free extract and a pre-mRNA transcript encoded by a minigene of anucleic acid construct or a nucleic acid construct comprising aminigene, wherein the minigene comprises, in 5′ to 3′ order: the nucleicacid residues of exon 6 of SMN, the nucleic acid residues of intron 6 ofSMN, the nucleic acid residues of exon 7 of SMN2, the nucleic acidresidues of intron 7 of SMN, a fragment of exon 8 of SMN, and thenucleic acid residues of the coding sequence of a reporter gene lackinga start codon, wherein either a single adenine, thymine or cytosineresidue is inserted after nucleic acid residue 48 of the nucleic acidresidues of exon 7 of SMN2, or a single nucleotide is inserted afternucleic acid residue 45, 46 or 47 of exon 7 of SMN2. In one aspect, theminigene comprises a start codon 5′ to the nucleic acid residues of exon6 of SMN, wherein the first codon of the coding sequence of the reportergene and the start codon of the minigene are in the same open readingframe; and (b) detecting the activity or amount of a fusion proteinencoded by the minigene, wherein an increase in the activity or amountof the fusion protein expressed by the host cell in the presence of thecompound relative to the activity or amount of the fusion proteinexpressed by the host cell in the absence of the compound or thepresence of a negative control compound, or relative to a previouslydetermined reference range indicates that the compound that increasesthe inclusion of exon 7 of SMN2 into mRNA transcribed from the SMN2gene.

In another embodiment, an assay of the present invention includes amethod for the identification of a compound that increases the inclusionof exon 7 of SMN2 into mRNA transcribed from the SMN2 gene comprisingthe steps of: (a) contacting a compound with a composition comprising acell-free extract and a pre-mRNA transcript encoded by a minigene of anucleic acid construct or a nucleic acid construct comprising aminigene, wherein the minigene comprises, in 5′ to 3′ order: the nucleicacid residues of exon 6 of SMN or a fragment thereof, the nucleic acidresidues of intron 6 of SMN or a fragment thereof, the nucleic acidresidues of exon 7 of SMN2, the nucleic acid residues of intron 7 of SMNor a fragment thereof, a fragment of exon 8 of SMN, and the nucleic acidresidues of the coding sequence of a reporter gene lacking a startcodon, wherein either a single adenine, thymine or cytosine residue isinserted after nucleic acid residue 48 of the nucleic acid residues ofexon 7 of SMN2, or a single nucleotide is inserted after nucleic acidresidue 45, 46 or 47 of exon 7 of SMN2, and wherein the first startcodon of the fragment of the nucleic acid residues of exon 6 of SMN andthe first codon of the coding sequence of the reporter gene are in thesame open reading frame; and (b) detecting the activity or amount of afusion protein encoded by the minigene, wherein an increase in theactivity or amount of the fusion protein expressed by the host cell inthe presence of the compound relative to the activity or amount of thefusion protein expressed by the host cell in the absence of the compoundor the presence of a negative control compound, or relative to apreviously determined reference range indicates that the compound thatincreases the inclusion of exon 7 of SMN2 into mRNA transcribed from theSMN2 gene.

In another embodiment, an assay of the present invention includes amethod for the identification of a compound that increases the inclusionof exon 7 of SMN2 into mRNA transcribed from the SMN2 gene comprisingthe steps of: (a) contacting a compound with a composition comprising acell-free extract and a pre-mRNA transcript encoded by a minigene of anucleic acid construct or a nucleic acid construct comprising aminigene, wherein the minigene comprises, in 5′ to 3′ order: a startcodon, the nucleic acid residues of exon 6 of SMN or a fragment thereof,the nucleic acid residues of intron 6 of SMN or a fragment thereof, thenucleic acid residues of exon 7 of SMN2, the nucleic acid residues ofintron 7 of SMN or a fragment thereof, a fragment of exon 8 of SMN, andthe nucleic acid residues of the coding sequence of a reporter genelacking a start codon, wherein either a single adenine, thymine orcytosine residue is inserted after nucleic acid residue 48 of thenucleic acid residues of exon 7 of SMN2, or a single nucleotide isinserted after nucleic acid residue 45, 46 or 47 of exon 7 of SMN2, andwherein the first codon of the coding sequence of the reporter gene andthe first start codon of the minigene are in the same open readingframe; and (b) detecting the activity or amount of a fusion proteinencoded by the minigene, wherein an increase in the activity or amountof the fusion protein expressed by the host cell in the presence of thecompound relative to the activity or amount of the fusion proteinexpressed by the host cell in the absence of the compound or thepresence of a negative control compound, or relative to a previouslydetermined reference range indicates that the compound that increasesthe inclusion of exon 7 of SMN2 into mRNA transcribed from the SMN2gene.

In another embodiment, an assay of the present invention includes amethod for the identification of a compound that increases the inclusionof exon 7 of SMN2 into mRNA transcribed from the SMN2 gene comprisingthe steps of: (a) contacting a compound with a composition comprising acell-free extract and a pre-mRNA transcript encoded by a minigene of anucleic acid construct or a nucleic acid construct comprising aminigene, wherein the minigene comprises, in 5′ to 3′ order: nucleicacid residues encoding a first amino acid sequence, the nucleic acidresidues of intron 6 of SMN or a fragment thereof, the nucleic acidresidues of exon 7 of SMN2, the nucleic acid residues of intron 7 of SMNor a fragment thereof, nucleic acid residues encoding a second aminoacid sequence, and the nucleic acid residues of the coding sequence of areporter gene lacking a start codon, wherein (i) either a singleadenine, thymine or cytosine residue is inserted after nucleic acidresidue 48 of the nucleic acid residues of exon 7 of SMN2, or a singlenucleotide is inserted after nucleic acid residue 45, 46 or 47 of exon 7of SMN2; (ii) the nucleic acid residues encoding the first amino acidsequence include a start codon; (iii) the nucleic acid residues encodingthe first and second amino acid sequences permit removal of an intronvia mRNA splicing, and (iv) the first codon of the coding sequence ofthe reporter gene and the start codon of the nucleic acid residuesencoding the first amino acid sequence are in the same open readingframe; and (b) detecting the activity or amount of a fusion proteinencoded by the minigene, wherein an increase in the activity or amountof the fusion protein expressed by the host cell in the presence of thecompound relative to the activity or amount of the fusion proteinexpressed by the host cell in the absence of the compound or thepresence of a negative control compound, or relative to a previouslydetermined reference range indicates that the compound that increasesthe inclusion of exon 7 of SMN2 into mRNA transcribed from the SMN2gene.

In another embodiment, an assay of the present invention includes amethod for the identification of a compound that increases the inclusionof exon 7 of SMN2 into mRNA transcribed from the SMN2 gene comprisingthe steps of: (a) contacting a compound with a composition comprising acell-free extract and a pre-mRNA transcript encoded by a minigene of anucleic acid construct or a nucleic acid construct comprising aminigene, wherein the minigene comprises, in 5′ to 3′ order: a startcodon, nucleic acid residues encoding a first amino acid sequence, thenucleic acid residues of intron 6 of SMN or a fragment thereof, thenucleic acid residues of exon 7 of SMN2, the nucleic acid residues ofintron 7 of SMN or a fragment thereof, nucleic acid residues encoding asecond amino acid sequence, and the nucleic acid residues of the codingsequence of a reporter gene lacking a start codon, wherein (i) either asingle adenine, thymine or cytosine residue is inserted after nucleicacid residue 48 of the nucleic acid residues of exon 7 of SMN2, or asingle nucleotide is inserted after nucleic acid residue 45, 46 or 47 ofexon 7 of SMN2; (ii) the nucleic acid residues encoding the first andsecond amino acid sequences permit removal of an intron via mRNAsplicing, and (iii) the first codon of the coding sequence of thereporter gene and the first start codon of the minigene are in the sameopen reading frame; and (b) detecting the activity or amount of a fusionprotein encoded by the minigene, wherein an increase in the activity oramount of the fusion protein expressed by the host cell in the presenceof the compound relative to the activity or amount of the fusion proteinexpressed by the host cell in the absence of the compound or thepresence of a negative control compound, or relative to a previouslydetermined reference range indicates that the compound that increasesthe inclusion of exon 7 of SMN2 into mRNA transcribed from the SMN2gene.

The present invention provides methods for modulating the inclusion ofexon 7 into mRNA transcribed from the SMN2 gene, comprising contacting ahuman cell with a compound that modulates the expression of a minigeneof the invention in a cell-based or cell-free assay described herein. Ina specific embodiment, the invention provides a method for enhancing theinclusion of exon 7 of SMN2 into mRNA transcribed from the SMN2 gene,comprising contacting a human cell with a compound that enhances theexpression of a minigene of the invention in a cell-based or cell-freeassay described herein. In some embodiments, the compound is contactedwith the human cell in vitro. In other embodiments, the compound iscontacted with the human cell in a non-human animal. In one embodiment,the compound is a compound of Formula (I) or a form thereof.

The present invention provides methods for modulating the inclusion ofexon 7 into mRNA transcribed from the SMN2 gene, comprisingadministering to a non-human animal model for SMA a compound thatmodulates the expression of a minigene of the invention in a cell-basedor cell-free assay described herein. In a specific embodiment, theinvention provides a method for enhancing the inclusion of exon 7 ofSMN2 into mRNA transcribed from the SMN2 gene, comprising administeringto a non-human animal model for SMA a compound that enhances theexpression of a minigene of the invention in a cell-based or cell-freeassay described herein. In one embodiment, the compound is a compound ofFormula (I) or a form thereof.

The present invention provides methods for increasing the amount of SMNprotein, comprising contacting a human cell with a compound thatenhances the inclusion of exon 7 of SMN2 into mRNA transcribed from theSMN2 gene. In some embodiments, the human cell is contacted with thecompound in vitro. In other embodiments, the human cell is contactedwith the compound in a non-human animal. In one embodiment, the compoundis a compound of Formula (I) or a form thereof.

The present invention provides methods for increasing the amount of SMNprotein, comprising administering to a non-human animal model for SMA acompound that enhances the inclusion of exon 7 of SMN2 into mRNAtranscribed from the SMN2 gene as assessed in a cell-based or cell-freeassay described herein. In one embodiment, the compound is a compound ofFormula (I) or a form thereof.

Compounds that enhance the inclusion of exon 7 of SMN2 into mRNAtranscribed from the SMN2 gene are beneficial to patients with SMA. Insome embodiments, fewer side effects and increased efficacy are expectedfrom the administration of such compounds because the activity of suchcompounds is expected to be limited to interaction with SMN2 pre-mRNA inspecific combination with the splicing regulatory elements found in exon7 of SMN2 and intron 7 of SMN. In some embodiments, compounds thatenhance the inclusion of exon 7 of SMN2 into mRNA transcribed from theSMN2 gene may also be used in combination with additional agents thatspecifically enhance the expression of SMN, potentially allowing for alower dose of both the compound being used to enhance SMN expression andthe agent, thereby reducing side effects. Compounds that enhance theinclusion of exon 7 of SMN2 into mRNA transcribed from the SMN2 gene,and thus, increase levels of the SMN protein, when used therapeutically,may increase SMN protein levels in SMA patients and protect motorneurons from degeneration.

Thus, the invention provides a method for increasing expression of SMNin a human subject in need thereof, comprising administering to thehuman subject an effective amount of a compound that enhances theinclusion of exon 7 of SMN2 into mRNA transcribed from the SMN2 gene.

In one embodiment, the invention provides a method for enhancingexpression of SMN in a human subject in need thereof, comprisingadministering to the human subject an effective amount of a compound,wherein the compound enhances, in vitro or in cultured cells, the amountand/or activity of a fusion protein encoded by a nucleic acid constructcomprising a minigene as described herein.

The invention also provides for the use of a compound for thepreparation of a medicament that enhances the inclusion of exon 7 ofSMN2 into mRNA transcribed from the SMN2 gene, thereby increasingexpression of SMN in a human subject in need thereof.

The invention also provides for the use of a compound for thepreparation of a medicament that enhances expression of SMN in a humansubject in need thereof wherein the compound enhances, in vitro or incultured cells, the amount and/or activity of a fusion protein encodedby a nucleic acid construct comprising a minigene as described herein.

The invention also provides a method for enhancing the expression of SMNin a human subject in need thereof, comprising administering to thehuman subject an effective amount of a pharmaceutical compositioncomprising a compound that enhances the inclusion of exon 7 of SMN2 intomRNA transcribed from the SMN2 gene, and a pharmaceutically acceptablecarrier, excipient or diluent.

The present invention further provides a method for treating SMA in ahuman subject in need thereof, comprising administering to the humansubject an effective amount of a compound that enhances the inclusion ofexon 7 of SMN2 into mRNA transcribed from the SMN2 gene.

In one embodiment, the invention provides a method for treating SMA in ahuman subject in need thereof, comprising administering to the humansubject an effective amount of a compound, wherein the compoundenhances, in vitro or in cultured cells, the amount and/or activity of afusion protein encoded by a nucleic acid construct comprising a minigeneas described herein.

The invention also provides for the use of a compound for thepreparation of a medicament that enhances the inclusion of exon 7 ofSMN2 into mRNA transcribed from the SMN2 gene, thereby treating SMA in ahuman subject in need thereof.

The invention also provides for the use of a compound for thepreparation of a medicament for the treatment of SMA in a human subjectin need thereof, wherein the compound enhances, in vitro or in culturedcells, the amount and/or activity of a fusion protein encoded by anucleic acid construct comprising a minigene as described herein.

The invention also provides a method for the treatment of SMA in a humansubject in need thereof, comprising administering to the human subjectan effective amount of a pharmaceutical composition comprising acompound that enhances the inclusion of exon 7 of SMN2 into mRNAtranscribed from the SMN2 gene, and a pharmaceutically acceptablecarrier, excipient or diluent.

In one embodiment, treatment results in the ability or helps retain theability for a human infant or a human toddler to sit up. In anotherembodiment, treatment results in the ability or helps retain the abilityfor a human infant, a human toddler, a human child or a human adult tostand up unaided. In another embodiment, treatment results in theability or helps retain the ability for a human infant, a human toddler,a human child or a human adult to walk unaided.

Compounds of Formula (I) have been shown to enhance the inclusion ofexon 7 of SMN2 into mRNA transcribed from the SMN2 gene using the assaysdescribed herein. Accordingly, compounds of Formula (I) have utility asenhancers for the inclusion of exon 7 of SMN2 into mRNA transcribed fromthe SMN2 gene.

The compounds of Formula (I) identified for use in the present inventionhave been disclosed as compounds that suppress premature translationtermination associated with mRNA nonsense mutations in InternationalApplication PCT/US05/036762 filed Oct. 13, 2005 (published asWO2006/044503) and for use in a method of producing a functionalreadthrough protein in International Application PCT/US07/008,268 filedMar. 29, 2007 (published as WO2007/117438), each of which areincorporated herein in their entirety and for all purposes.

In an embodiment of the present invention, a method for enhancingexpression of SMN in a human subject in need thereof, comprisesadministering to the human subject an effective amount of a compound ofFormula (I) or a form thereof that enhances the inclusion of exon 7 ofSMN2 into mRNA transcribed from the SMN2 gene.

In another embodiment of the present invention, a method for treatingSMA in a human subject in need thereof, comprises administering to thehuman subject an effective amount of a compound of Formula (I) or a formthereof that enhances the inclusion of exon 7 of SMN2 into mRNAtranscribed from the SMN2 gene.

In an embodiment of one or more methods of the present invention, thecompound is a compound of Formula (I):

-   -   or a form thereof, wherein:    -   Y and Z are each independently selected from N or C, wherein Y        and Z are each not simultaneously N or C;    -   W is N or C;    -   R₁ is selected from hydrogen or aryl, wherein aryl is optionally        substituted with carboxyl and, wherein R₁ is absent when Z is N;    -   R₂ is selected from hydrogen, C₃₋₁₄cycloalkyl, aryl, heteroaryl        or heterocyclyl,    -   wherein aryl is optionally substituted with one, two, or three        substituents each selected from halogen, carboxyl, C₁₋₆alkyl,        C₁₋₆alkoxy, halo-C₁₋₆alkoxy, C₁₋₆alkoxy-carbonyl, amino or        C₁₋₆alkyl-amino, or one substituent selected from        halo-C₁₋₆alkyl-amino, hydroxy-C₁₋₆alkyl-amino, amino-carbonyl,        C₁₋₆alkyl-amino-carbonyl, aryl, heteroaryl or heterocyclyl,        optionally substituted on heterocyclyl with one or two oxo        substituents,    -   wherein heteroaryl is optionally substituted with one or two        C₁₋₆alkyl substituents or one heterocyclyl substituent,    -   wherein heterocyclyl is optionally substituted with one or two        substituents each selected from halogen or C₁₋₆alkyl, and    -   wherein R₂ is absent when Y is N; and    -   R₃ is one, two, or three carbon atom substituents each selected        from hydrogen, halogen, carboxyl, C₁₋₆alkyl, C₁₋₆alkoxy, amino,        amino-C₁₋₆alkyl, C₁₋₆alkyl-carbonyl-amino, C₃₋₁₄cycloalkyl,        C₃₋₁₄cycloalkyloxy, C₃₋₁₄cycloalkyl-C₁₋₆alkyl, aryl, aryloxy,        aryloxy-C₁₋₆alkyl, heteroaryl, heteroaryl-C₁₋₆alkyl,        heterocyclyl, heterocyclyl-C₁₋₆alkyl or heterocyclyl-carbonyl,    -   wherein each instance of amino is optionally substituted with        one or two substituents each selected from C₁₋₆alkyl,        hydroxy-C₁₋₆alkyl, carboxy-C₁₋₆alkyl, aryl-C₁₋₆alkyl,        heterocyclyl-C₁₋₆alkyl or aryl optionally substituted with one        or two C₁₋₆alkyl substituents,    -   wherein each instance of aryl is optionally substituted with one        or two substituents each selected from halogen, C₁₋₆alkyl,        halo-C₁₋₆alkyl, C₁₋₆alkoxy, halo-C₁₋₆alkoxy or aryl optionally        substituted with one or two C₁₋₆alkyl substituents, and    -   wherein each instance of heterocyclyl is optionally substituted        with one or two substituents each selected from C₁₋₆alkyl or        aryl optionally substituted with one or two C₁₋₆alkyl        substituents, or is optionally substituted on one or two carbon        atoms with an oxo substituent.

TERMINOLOGY

As used herein, the term “about” or “approximately” when used inconjunction with a number refers to any number within 1, 5 or 10% of thereferenced number.

In certain embodiments, as used herein, the term “compound” refers toany agent having the ability to modulate inclusion of exon 7 of SMN2into mRNA transcribed from the SMN2 gene and thus modulate the levels ofthe SMN protein produced from the SMN2 gene, or any agent that has beenidentified to increase the inclusion of exon 7 of SMN2 into mRNAtranscribed from the SMN2 gene and thus, increase the levels of the SMNprotein produced from the SMN2 gene, including a compound providedherein or incorporated by reference herein. In one embodiment, the term“compound” refers to a small molecule. In a specific embodiment, theterm “compound” refers to a compound of Formula (I) or a form thereof.

As used herein, the term “effective amount” in the context of a methodof treating SMA in a human subject, or a method of enhancing/increasingthe expression of SMN in a human subject, refers to the amount of acompound which has a therapeutic effect. Non-limiting examples ofeffective amounts of a compound are described below.

As used herein, the terms “mRNA containing exon 7 of SMN2 or a fragmentthereof” or “mRNA transcript containing exon 7 of SMN2 or a fragmentthereof,” in the context of detecting the amount of mRNA transcribedfrom a minigene or the SMN2 gene, refers to a mRNA comprising thesequence of exon 7 of SMN2 or a fragment thereof encoded by a minigeneor the SMN2 gene. In other words, the complete sequence of exon 7 ofSMN2 or the fragment thereof that is encoded by the minigene or SMN2gene. For example, when a minigene comprises the nucleic acid residuesof exon 7 of SMN2, the mRNA transcribed from the minigene will comprisethe complete, non-truncated sequence of exon 7 of SMN2. Further, when aminigene comprises a fragment of exon 7 of SMN2, the mRNA transcribedfrom the minigene will comprise the fragment.

As used herein, the term “elderly human” refers to a human 65 years orolder.

As used herein, the term “form” in the context of a compound refers to acompound isolated for use as a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, ester,hydrate, solvate, polymorph, geometric isomer, racemate, enantiomer ortautomer.

As used herein, the term “fragment” in the context of nucleic acidresidues of exon 6 of SMN refers to any number of nucleic acids of exon6 of SMN so long as the fragment retains a minimum number of nucleicacids required for splicing and encodes an amino acid sequence thatmaintains a start codon and the first codon of the coding sequence ofthe reporter gene included in a minigene described herein in the sameopen reading frame. In specific embodiments, the fragment of exon 6 ofSMN permits removal of an intron via mRNA splicing and maintains thecomplete sequence of the mRNA fragment included (or encoded) in aminigene. In a specific embodiment, the fragment includes the intact 3′end of exon 6 of SMN. In another embodiment, the fragment of exon 6 ofSMN is at least 9 or at least 12 nucleic acids long. In a specificembodiment, the intact 3′ end of the fragment of exon 6 of SMN is atleast 9 or at least 12 nucleic acids long. In some embodiments, thefragment has endogenous start codons at nucleotide positions 64, 82 and109 of exon 6 of SMN. In a specific embodiment, the fragment of exon 6of SMN is at least 64 nucleic acids long and comprises a start codon(e.g., ATG or a non-canonical start codon) inserted at a nucleotideposition before nucleotide position 64 of exon 6 of SMN. In certainembodiments, a fragment of the nucleic acid residues of exon 6 of SMNdoes not contain a start codon and in those circumstances a start codonis added to the 5′ end of SMNminigene, and the start codon and the firstcodon of the coding sequence of the reporter gene of a minigenedescribed herein are in same open reading frame. In certain embodiments,when a start codon having any number of nucleic acids divisible by threehas been added to the 5′ end of exon 6 of SMN or inserted at anucleotide position before position 64, the start codons at nucleotidepositions 64, 82 and 109 will be pushed to a nucleotide positioncorresponding to the number of nucleic acids added. In one embodiment,the first codon of the coding sequence of the reporter gene and thestart codon of the minigene are in the same open reading frame.Accordingly, either the added start codon or the endogenous start codonsmay be used to initiate translation.

As used herein, the term “fragment” in the context of nucleic acidresidues of intron 6 and intron 7 of SMN refers to any number of nucleicacids of intron 6 and intron 7 of SMN, respectively, as long as thefragment retains the minimum number of nucleic acids required for afunctional intron that permits the retention of the nucleotides of theexons flanking the intron. In one embodiment, the fragment comprises atleast six nucleotides of the 5′ splice site of intron 6 or intron 7 ofSMN and three nucleotides plus the polypyrimidine tract and thebranch-point sequence of the 3′ splice site of intron 6 or intron 7 ofSMN. In one embodiment, the 3′ splice site comprises about 40 nucleicacid residues of the 3′ splice site of intron 6 or intron 7 of SMN. Inanother embodiment, the 3′ splice site comprises 20 nucleic acidresidues of the 3′ splice site of intron 6 or intron 7 of SMN.

As used herein, the term “fragment” in the context of nucleic acidresidues of exon 7 of SMN2 refers to a fragment of exon 7 of SMN2 inwhich any number of nucleic acids divisible by three have been removedwithout generating a frameshift, while maintaining the 5′ nucleic acidresidues 1 to 12 of exon 7 of SMN2 and the 3′ nucleic acid residues 37to 51 of exon 7 of SMN2. In other words, the fragment of exon 7 of SMN2permits removal of an intron via mRNA splicing and maintains thecomplete sequence of the mRNA fragment included (or encoded) in aminigene. Accordingly, the SMN2 minigene may include either the intactexon 7 of SMN2 or a fragment of exon 7 of SMN2 in which any number ofnucleic acids between nucleic acids 13 to 36 divisible by three havebeen removed without generating a frameshift. Within the scope of thepresent invention, such an intact exon or fragment thereof may be usedto identify compounds useful for enhancing the inclusion of exon 7 ofSMN2 into mRNA produced from the SMN2 gene.

As used herein, the term “fragment” in the context of nucleic acidresidues of exon 7 of SMN1 refers to a fragment of exon 7 of SMN1 inwhich any number of nucleic acids divisible by three have been removedwithout generating a frameshift, while maintaining the 5′ nucleic acidresidues 1 to 12 of exon 7 of SMN1 and the 3′ nucleic acid residues 37to 51 of exon 7 of SMN1. In other words, the fragment of exon 7 of SMN1permits removal of an intron via mRNA splicing and maintains thecomplete sequence of the mRNA fragment included (or encoded) in aminigene. Accordingly, the SMN1 minigene may include either the intactexon 7 of SMN1 or a fragment of exon 7 of SMN1 in which any number ofnucleic acids between nucleic acids 13 to 36 divisible by three havebeen removed without generating a frameshift.

As used herein, the term “fragment” in the context of nucleic acidresidues of exon 8 of SMN in the methods described herein for refers toany number of nucleic acids of exon 8 of SMN so long as the fragmentencodes an amino acid sequence that maintains a start codon and thefirst codon of the coding sequence of the reporter gene included in aminigene described herein in the same open reading frame. In specificembodiments, the fragment of exon 8 of SMN permits removal of an intronvia mRNA splicing and maintains the complete sequence of the mRNAfragment included (or encoded) in a minigene. In one embodiment, thefragment of exon 8 comprises between 2 to 23 nucleic acid residues fromthe 5′ terminus of exon 8 of SMN. In certain embodiments, the fragmentof exon 8 of SMN comprises the first 2, 5, 8, 11, 14, 17, 20 or 23nucleic acid residues of exon 8 of SMN. In a specific embodiment, thefragment of exon 8 of SMN comprises the first 23 nucleic acid residuesof exon 8 of SMN. In another specific embodiment, the fragment of exon 8of SMN comprises the first 21 nucleic acid residues of exon 8 of SMN. Inan alternative embodiment, the fragment of exon 8 of SMN comprises moreor fewer than the first 21 nucleic acid residues of exon 8 of SMN. Inanother embodiment, the fragment of exon 8 of SMN comprises at least 2nucleic acid residues of exon 8 of SMN.

As used herein, the term “fragment” in the context of nucleic acidresidues of exon 8 of SMN in the methods described herein for detectingmRNA transcribed from a minigene refers to any number of nucleic acidsof exon 8 of SMN. In a specific embodiment, the fragment comprises atleast 2 nucleic acid residues of exon 8 of SMN.

As used herein, the term “host cell” includes a particular subject celltransformed or transfected with an instant nucleic acid construct andthe progeny or potential progeny of such a cell. Progeny of such a cellmay not be identical to the parent cell transfected with the nucleicacid construct due to mutations or environmental influences that mayoccur in succeeding generations or integration of the nucleic acidconstruct into the host cell genome.

As used herein, the term “human adult” refers to a human that is 18years or older.

As used herein, the term “human child” refers to a human that is 1 yearto 18 years old.

As used herein, the term “human infant” refers to a newborn to 1 yearold year human.

As used herein, the term “human toddler” refers to a human that is 1year to 3 years old.

As used herein, the term “inclusion of exon 7 of SMN2 into mRNAtranscribed from the SMN2 gene” refers to the inclusion of the complete,intact, non-truncated sequence of exon 7 of SMN2 into the mature mRNAtranscribed from the SMN2 gene.

As used herein, the terms “nucleic acid residues encoding a first aminoacid sequence,” “nucleic acid residues encoding a second amino acidsequence,” “nucleic acid residues encoding a third amino acid sequence”and “nucleic acid residues encoding a fourth amino acid sequence,” inthe context of nucleic acid residues used in place of exon 6 of SMN or afragment thereof and/or the fragment of exon 8 of SMN, refer to anynumber of nucleic acids such that each amino acid sequence retains theminimum number and type of nucleic acids required to permit removal ofan intron via mRNA splicing and maintain the complete sequence of thenucleic acid encoding the first, second, third, and/or fourth amino acidsequence included in a minigene. Accordingly, the nucleic acid residuesencoding the first, second, third, and fourth amino acid sequences canfunction as exons.

As used herein, the term “isolated,” in the context of a compound, meansthe physical state of a compound after being separated and/or purifiedfrom precursors and other substances found in a synthetic process (e.g.,from a reaction mixture) or natural source or combination thereofaccording to a process or processes described herein or which are wellknown to the skilled artisan (e.g., chromatography, recrystallizationand the like) in sufficient purity to be characterizable by standardanalytical techniques described herein or well known to the skilledartisan. In a specific embodiment, the compound is at least 60% pure, atleast 65% pure, at least 70% pure, at least 75% pure, at least 80% pure,at least 85% pure, at least 90% pure or at least 99% pure as assessed bytechniques known to one of skill in the art.

As used herein, the term “isolated,” as it refers to a nucleic acid,means the physical state of a nucleic acid after being separated and/orpurified from precursors and other substances found in a syntheticprocess (e.g., from a reaction mixture) or natural source or combinationthereof according to a process or processes described herein or whichare well known to the skilled artisan in sufficient purity to be capableof characterization by standard analytical techniques described hereinor well known to the skilled artisan.

In some embodiments, the terms “nucleic acid” and “nucleotides” refer todeoxyribonucleotides, deoxyribonucleic acids, ribonucleotides, andribonucleic acids, and polymeric forms thereof, and includes eithersingle- or double-stranded forms. In certain embodiments, such termsinclude known analogs of natural nucleotides, for example, peptidenucleic acids (“PNA”s), that have similar binding properties as thereference nucleic acid. In some embodiments, nucleic acid refers todeoxyribonucleic acids (e.g., cDNA or DNA). In other embodiments,nucleic acid refers to ribonucleic acid (e.g., mRNA or RNA).

As used herein, the term “nucleic acid residues of exon 6 of SMN,”unless otherwise specified herein, refers to a complete, intact,non-truncated nucleic acid sequence of exon 6 of human SMN1 or SMN2. Asused herein, the term “nucleic acid residues of exon 6 of SMN1” refersto a complete, intact, non-truncated nucleic acid sequence of exon 6 ofhuman SMN1. As used herein, the term “nucleic acid residues of exon 6 ofhuman SMN2” refers to a complete, intact, non-truncated nucleic acidsequence of exon 6 of human SMN2. In certain embodiments, a minigenedescribed herein comprises, in part, a complete, intact, non-truncatednucleic acid sequence of exon 6 of human SMN1 or SMN2.

As used herein, the term “nucleic acid residues of intron 6 of SMN,”unless otherwise specified herein, refers to a complete, intact,non-truncated nucleic acid sequence of intron 6 of human SMN1 or SMN2.As used herein, the term “nucleic acid residues of intron 6 of SMN1”refers to a complete, intact, non-truncated nucleic acid sequence ofintron 6 of human SMN1. As used herein, the term “nucleic acid residuesof intron 6 of human SMN2” refers to a complete, intact, non-truncatednucleic acid sequence of intron 6 of human SMN2. In certain,embodiments, a minigene described herein comprises, in part, a complete,intact, non-truncated nucleic acid sequence of intron 6 of human SMN1 orSMN2.

As used herein, the term “nucleic acid residues of exon 7 of SMN,”unless otherwise specified herein, refers to a complete, intact,non-truncated nucleic acid sequence of exon 7 of human SMN1 or SMN2. Asused herein, the term “nucleic acid residues of exon 7 of human SMN1”refers to a complete, intact, non-truncated nucleic acid sequence ofexon 7 of human SMN1. As used herein, the term “nucleic acid residues ofexon 7 of SMN2” refers to a complete, intact, non-truncated nucleic acidsequence of exon 7 of human SMN2. In certain, embodiments, a minigenedescribed herein comprises, in part, a complete, intact, non-truncatednucleic acid sequence of exon 7 of human SMN1 or SMN2.

As used herein, the term “nucleic acid residues of intron 7 of SMN,”unless otherwise specified herein, refers to a complete, intact,non-truncated nucleic acid sequence of intron 7 of human SMN1 or SMN2.As used herein, the term “nucleic acid residues of intron 7 of SMN1”refers to a complete, intact, non-truncated nucleic acid sequence ofintron 7 of human SMN1. As used herein, the term “nucleic acid residuesof intron 7 of SMN2” refers to a complete, intact, non-truncated nucleicacid sequence of intron 7 of human SMN2. In certain, embodiments, aminigene described herein comprises, in part, a complete, intact,non-truncated nucleic acid sequence of intron 7 of human SMN1 or SMN2.

As used herein, the term “nucleic acid residues of exon 8 of SMN,”unless otherwise specified herein, refers to a complete, intact,non-truncated nucleic acid sequence of exon 8 of human SMN1 or SMN2. Asused herein, the term “nucleic acid residues of exon 8 of SMN1” refersto a complete, intact, non-truncated nucleic acid sequence of exon 8 ofhuman SMN1. As used herein, the term “nucleic acid residues of exon 8 ofSMN2” refers to a complete, intact, non-truncated nucleic acid sequenceof exon 8 of human SMN2. In certain, embodiments, a minigene describedherein comprises, in part, a complete, intact, non-truncated nucleicacid sequence of exon 8 of human SMN1 or SMN2.

As used herein, the term “ORF” refers to a mRNA open reading frame,i.e., the region of the mRNA that is translated into protein.

As used herein, the term “premature human infant” refers to a humaninfant born at less than 37 weeks of gestational age.

As used herein, the term “previously determined reference range” in thecontext of detecting the amount or activity of a protein refers to areference range for the amount or the activity of a fusion proteinencoded by a minigene, or SMN protein translated from an mRNAtranscribed from the SMN2 gene. In a specific embodiment, the previouslydetermined reference range is the amount or activity of a fusion proteinor SMN protein that is detected when a host cell(s) containing a nucleicacid construct comprising a minigene or the SMN2 gene is contacted witha negative control (e.g., PBS or DMSO). The term “previously determinedreference range” in the context of detecting the amount of mRNAtranscribed from a minigene or the SMN2 gene refers to a reference rangefor the amount of an mRNA transcript transcribed from a minigene or theamount of an mRNA transcript transcribed from the SMN2 gene in aparticular host cell(s) or in a particular cell-free extract. In aspecific embodiment, the previously determined reference range is theamount of mRNA containing exon 7 of SMN2 or a fragment thereoftranscribed from a minigene or the amount of mRNA containing exon 7 ofSMN2 transcribed from the SMN2 gene in a cell-free extract or a hostcell(s) contacted with a negative control (e.g., PBS or DMSO). Ideally,testing laboratories will establish a reference range for each cell typeand each cell-free extract in the practice of such assays. In a specificembodiment, at least one positive control or at least one negativecontrol is included for each compound analyzed.

As used herein, the term “small molecule” and analogous terms include,but are not limited to, peptides, peptidomimetics, amino acids, aminoacid analogs, polynucleotides, polynucleotide analogs, nucleotides,nucleotide analogs, other organic and inorganic compounds (i.e.,including heteroorganic and organometallic compounds) and forms thereofhaving a molecular weight of less than about 10,000 grams per mole, orless than about 5,000 grams per mole, or less than about 1,000 grams permole, or less than about 500 grams per mole, or less than about 100grams per mole.

As used herein, the italicized term “SMN,” unless otherwise specifiedherein, refers to human SMN1 or human SMN2. Nucleic acid sequences forthe human SMN1 and SMN2 are known in the art. See, e.g., GenBankAccession Nos. DQ894095, NM_(—)000344, NM_(—)022874, and BC062723 fornucleic acid sequences of human SMN1. For nucleic acid sequences ofhuman SMN2, see, e.g., NM_(—)022875, NM_(—)022876, NM_(—)022877, NM017411, DQ894734 (Invitrogen, Carlsbad, Calif.), BC000908.2, andBC015308.1.

The SMN1 gene can be found on human chromosome 5 from approximatelynucleotide 70,256,524 to approximately nucleotide 70,284,595 using VegaGene ID: OTTHUMG00000099361 (see website for ensembl.org/Homo _(—)sapiens/geneview?gene=OTTHUMG00000099361;db=vega) at cytogeneticslocation 5 of 13. See also GenBank Accession No. NC_(—)000005, Build36.3 for the sequence of human chromosome 5.

The approximate locations of exons 6, 7 and 8 and introns 6 and 7 ofSMN1 on human chromosome 5 using Vega gene ID:

OTTHUMG00000099361 (see website for ensembl.org/Homo _(—)sapiens/geneview?gene=OTTHUMG00000099361;db=vega) are as follows:

70,277,649-70,277,759 exon 6

70,277,760-70,283,523 intron 6

70,283,524-70,283,577 exon 7

70,283,578-70,284,021 intron 7

70,284,022-70,284,595 exon 8

In specific embodiments, the nucleotide sequences delineated above forexons 6, 7 and 8 and introns 6 and 7 of SMN1 are used in the nucleicacid constructs described herein. In other specific embodiments, thenucleotide sequences described in the example below for exons 6, 7 and 8and introns 6 and 7 are used in the nucleic acid constructs describedherein.

The SMN2 gene can be found on human chromosome 5 from approximatelynucleotide 69,381,106 to approximately nucleotide 69,409,175 using Vegagene ID: OTTHUMG00000099389 (see website for ensembl.org/Homo _(—)sapiens/geneview?gene=OTTHUMG00000099389;db=vega). See also, GenBankAccession No. NC_(—)000005, Build 36.3 for the sequence of humanchromosome 5.

The approximate locations of exons 6, 7 and 8 and introns 6 and 7 ofSMN2 on human chromosome 5 using Vega gene ID: OTTHUMG00000099389 (seewebsite for ensembl.org/Homo _(—)sapiens/geneview?gene=OTTHUMG00000099389;db=vega) are as follows:

69,402,224-69,402,334 exon 6

69,402,335-69,408,103 intron 6

69,408,104-69,408,157 exon 7

69,408,158-69,408,601 intron 7

69,408,602-69,409,175 exon 8.

In specific embodiments, the nucleotide sequences delineated above forexons 6, 7 and 8 and introns 6 and 7 of SMN2 are used in the nucleicacid constructs described herein. In other specific embodiments, thenucleotide sequences of exons 6, 7 and 8 and introns 6 and 7 of SMN2shown in FIG. 2 or 3 are used in the nucleic acid constructs describedherein.

As used herein, the terms “subject” and “patient” are usedinterchangeably and refer to a human.

As used herein, the terms “treat,” “treatment,” and “treating” in thecontext of administration of a therapy(ies) to a subject in needthereof, to treat SMA or to enhance expression of SMN, refer to atherapeutic effect achieved following the administration of a compoundor a combination of compounds. In a specific embodiment, the therapeuticeffect is at least one or more of the following effects resulting fromthe administration of a compound or a combination of compounds: (i) thereduction or amelioration of the severity of SMA and/or a symptomassociated therewith; (ii) the reduction in the duration of a symptomassociated with SMA; (iii) the prevention in the recurrence of a symptomassociated with SMA; (iv) the inhibition in the development or onset ofa symptom of SMA; (v) the regression of SMA and/or a symptom associatedtherewith; (vi) the reduction in the loss of muscle strength; (vii) theincrease in muscle strength; (viii) the reduction in muscle atrophy;(ix) the reduction in the loss of motor function; (x) the increase inmotor neurons; (xi) the reduction in the loss of motor neurons; (xii)the protection of SMN deficient motor neurons from degeneration; (xiii)the increase in motor function; (xiv) the increase in pulmonaryfunction; (xv) the reduction in the loss of pulmonary function; (xvi)the reduction in hospitalization of a subject; (xvii) the reduction inhospitalization length for a subject; (xviii) the increase in thesurvival of a subject; (xix) the inhibition of the progression of SMAand/or a symptom associated therewith; (xx) the enhancement orimprovement the therapeutic effect of another therapy and/or (xxi) theimprovement in the quality of life of a patient. In some embodiments,the therapeutic effect reduces or inhibits the progression of SMA.

As used herein, the terms “validate,” “validating,” “validated” and“validation” in the context of methods for validating compounds refer tomethods for confirming or verifying that compounds identified in ascreening assay, such as described herein, enhance the inclusion of exon7 of SMN2 into mRNA transcribed from the SMN2 gene.

As used herein, the term “C₁₋₆alkyl” generally refers to saturatedhydrocarbon radicals having from one to six carbon atoms in a straightor branched chain configuration, including methyl, ethyl, n-propyl,isopropyl, n-butyl, isobutyl, sec-butyl, tert-butyl, n-pentyl, n-hexyland the like. In some embodiments, C₁₋₆alkyl includes C₁₋₄alkyl and thelike. A C₁₋₆alkyl radical may be optionally substituted where allowed byavailable valences.

As used herein, the term “C₁₋₆alkoxy” generally refers to saturatedhydrocarbon radicals of from one to six carbon atoms having a straightor branched chain configuration of the formula: —O—C₁₋₆alkyl, includingmethoxy, ethoxy, n-propoxy, isopropoxy, n-butoxy, isobutoxy, sec-butoxy,tert-butoxy, n-pentoxy, n-hexoxy and the like. In some embodiments,C₁₋₆alkoxy includes C₁₋₄alkoxy and the like. A C₁₋₆alkoxy radical may beoptionally substituted where allowed by available valences.

As used herein, the term “C₃₋₁₄cycloalkyl” generally refers to asaturated or partially unsaturated monocyclic, bicyclic or polycyclichydrocarbon radical, including cyclopropyl, cyclobutyl, cyclopentylcyclohexyl, cyclohexenyl, cycloheptyl, cyclooctyl, 1H-indanyl, indenyl,tetrahydro-naphthalenyl and the like. In some embodiments,C₃₋₁₄cycloalkyl includes C₃₋₈cycloalkyl, C₅₋₈cycloalkyl, C₃₋₁₀cycloalkyland the like. A C₃₋₁₄cycloalkyl radical may be optionally substitutedwhere allowed by available valences.

As used herein, the term “aryl” generally refers to a monocyclic,bicyclic or polycyclic aromatic carbon atom ring structure radical,including phenyl, naphthyl, anthracenyl, fluorenyl, azulenyl,phenanthrenyl and the like. An aryl radical may be optionallysubstituted where allowed by available valences.

As used herein, the term “heteroaryl” generally refers to a monocyclic,bicyclic or polycyclic aromatic carbon atom ring structure radical inwhich one or more carbon atom ring members have been replaced, whereallowed by structural stability, with one or more heteroatoms, such asan O, S or N atom, including furanyl, thienyl (or thiophenyl),2H-pyrrolyl, 3H-pyrrolyl, pyrazolyl, imidazolyl, isoxazolyl,isothiazolyl, oxazolyl, thiazolyl, triazolyl (and regioisomers thereof),oxadiazolyl (and regioisomers thereof), thiadiazolyl (and regioisomersthereof), tetrazolyl (and regioisomers thereof), pyranyl, thiopyranyl,pyridinyl, pyrimidinyl, pyrazinyl, pyridazinyl, triazinyl (andregioisomers thereof), indole, indazolyl, isoindolyl, benzofuranyl,benzothienyl, benzimidazolyl, benzoxazolyl, purinyl, quinolinyl,isoquinolinyl, quinazolinyl, quinoxalinyl, 1,3-diazinyl, 1,2-diazinyl,1,2-diazolyl, 1,4-diazanaphthalenyl, acridinyl and the like. Aheteroaryl radical may be optionally substituted where allowed byavailable valences.

As used herein, the term “heterocyclyl” generally refers to a saturatedor partially unsaturated monocyclic, bicyclic or polycyclic carbon atomring structure radical in which one or more carbon atom ring membershave been replaced, where allowed by structural stability, with aheteroatom, such as an O, S or N atom, including oxiranyl, oxetanyl,azetidinyl, dihydrofuranyl, tetrahydrofuranyl, dihydrothienyl,tetrahydrothienyl, pyrrolinyl, pyrrolidinyl, dihydropyrazolyl,pyrazolinyl, pyrazolidinyl, dihydroimidazolyl, imidazolinyl,imidazolidinyl, isoxazolinyl, isoxazolidinyl, isothiazolinyl,isothiazolidinyl, oxazolinyl, oxazolidinyl, thiazolinyl, thiazolidinyl,triazolinyl (and regioisomers thereof), triazolidinyl (and regioisomersthereof), oxadiazolinyl (and regioisomers thereof), oxadiazolidinyl (andregioisomers thereof), thiadiazolinyl (and regioisomers thereof),thiadiazolidinyl (and regioisomers thereof), tetrazolinyl (andregioisomers thereof), tetrazolidinyl (and regioisomers thereof),dihydro-2H-pyranyl, tetrahydro-2H-pyranyl, tetrahydro-thiopyranyl,dihydro-pyridinyl, tetrahydro-pyridinyl, hexahydro-pyridinyl,dihydro-pyrimidinyl, tetrahydro-pyrimidinyl, dihydro-pyrazinyl,tetrahydro-pyrazinyl, dihydro-pyridazinyl, tetrahydro-pyridazinyl,piperazinyl, piperidinyl, morpholinyl, thiomorpholinyl,dihydro-triazinyl (and regioisomers thereof), tetrahydro-triazinyl (andregioisomers thereof), hexahydro-triazinyl (and regioisomers thereof),dihydro-indole, tetrahydro-indole, dihydro-indazolyl,tetrahydro-indazolyl, dihydro-isoindolyl, tetrahydro-isoindolyl,dihydro-benzofuranyl, tetrahydro-benzofuranyl, dihydro-benzothienyl,tetrahydro-benzothienyl, dihydro-benzimidazolyl,tetrahydro-benzimidazolyl, dihydro-benzoxazolyl,tetrahydro-benzoxazolyl, benzo[1,3]dioxolyl, benzo[1,4]dioxanyl,dihydro-purinyl, tetrahydro-purinyl, dihydro-quinolinyl,tetrahydro-quinolinyl, dihydro-isoquinolinyl, tetrahydro-isoquinolinyl,dihydro-quinazolinyl, tetrahydro-quinazolinyl, dihydro-quinoxalinyl,tetrahydro-quinoxalinyl and the like. A heterocyclyl radical may beoptionally substituted where allowed by available valences.

As used herein, the term “C₁₋₆alkoxy-carbonyl” refers to a radical ofthe formula: —C(O)—O—C₁₋₆ alkyl.

As used herein, the term “C₁₋₆alkyl-amino” refers to a radical of theformula: —NH—C₁₋₆alkyl or —N(C₁₋₆alkyl)₂.

As used herein, the term “C₁₋₆alkyl-amino-carbonyl” refers to a radicalof the formula: —C(O)—NH—C₁₋₆alkyl or —C(O)—N(C₁₋₆alkyl)₂.

As used herein, the term “C₁₋₆alkyl-carbonyl-amino” refers to a radicalof the formula: —NH—C(O)—C₁₋₆alkyl, wherein amino may be optionallyfurther substituted as previously defined.

As used herein, the term “amino” refers to a radical of the formula:—NH₂.

As used herein, the term “amino-carbonyl” refers to a radical of theformula: —C(O)—NH₂.

As used herein, the term “amino-C₁₋₆alkyl” refers to a radical of theformula: —C₁₋₆alkyl-NH₂.

As used herein, the term “aryloxy” refers to a radical of the formula:—O-aryl.

As used herein, the term “aryloxy-C₁₋₆alkyl” refers to a radical of theformula: —C₁₋₆alkyl-O-aryl.

As used herein, the term “carboxyl” refers to a radical of the formula:—COOH or —CO₂H.

As used herein, the term “carboxyl-C₁₋₆alkyl” refers to a radical of theformula: —C₁₋₆alkyl-COOH or —C₁₋₆alkyl-CO₂H.

As used herein, the term “C₃₋₁₄cycloalkyl-C₁₋₆alkyl” refers to a radicalof the formula: —C₁₋₆alkyl-C₃₋₁₄cycloalkyl.

As used herein, the term “C₃₋₁₄cycloalkyloxy” refers to a radical of theformula: —O—C₃₋₁₄cycloalkyl.

As used herein, the term “halo” or “halogen” generally refers to ahalogen atom radical, including fluoro, chloro, bromo and iodo.

As used herein, the term “halo-C₁₋₆alkoxy” refers to a radical of theformula: —O—C₁₋₆alkyl-halo, wherein C₁₋₆alkyl may be partially orcompletely substituted where allowed by available valences with one ormore halogen atoms, including difluoromethoxy, trifluoromethoxy,difluoroethoxy or trifluoroethoxy and the like. In some embodiments,halo-C₁₋₆alkoxy includes halo-C₁₋₄alkoxy and the like.

As used herein, the term “halo-C₁₋₆alkyl” refers to a radical of theformula: —C₁₋₆alkyl-halo, wherein C₁₋₆alkyl may be partially orcompletely substituted where allowed by available valences with one ormore halogen atoms, including difluoromethyl, trifluoromethyl,difluoroethyl, trifluoroethyl, difluoroisopropyl, trifluoroisopropyl,fluoro-tert-butyl, trifluoro-tert-butyl and the like. In someembodiments, halo-C₁₋₆alkyl includes halo-C₁₋₄alkyl and the like.

As used herein, the term “halo-C₁₋₆alkyl-amino” refers to a radical ofthe formula: —NH—C₁₋₆alkyl-halo, wherein the halo-C₁₋₆alkyl portion isas previously defined and, wherein amino may be optionally furthersubstituted as previously defined.

As used herein, the term “heteroaryl-C₁₋₆alkyl” refers to a radical ofthe formula: —C₁₋₆alkyl-heteroaryl.

As used herein, the term “heterocyclyl-C₁₋₆alkyl” refers to a radical ofthe formula: —C₁₋₆alkyl-heterocyclyl.

As used herein, the term “heterocyclyl-carbonyl” refers to a radical ofthe formula: —C(O)-heterocyclyl.

As used herein, the term “hydroxy-C₁₋₆alkyl” refers to a radical of theformula: —C₁₋₆alkyl-hydroxy, wherein C₁₋₆alkyl may be partially orcompletely substituted where allowed by available valences with one ormore hydroxy radicals.

As used herein, the term “hydroxy-C₁₋₆alkyl-amino” refers to a radicalof the formula: —NH—C₁₋₈alkyl-hydroxy, wherein the hydroxy-C₁₋₆alkylportion is as previously defined and, wherein amino may be optionallyfurther substituted as previously defined.

For the purposes of this invention, where one or more functionalitiesencompassing substituent variables for a compound of Formula (I) areincorporated into a compound of Formula (I), each functionalityappearing at any location within the disclosed compound may beindependently selected, and as appropriate, independently substituted.Also, when any variable (e.g., aryl, heterocyclyl, etc.) occurs morethan one time in any substituent list or in Formula (I), its definitionon each occurrence is independent of its definition at every otheroccurrence. Further, where a more generic substituent is set forth forany position in the compounds of the present invention, it is understoodthat the generic substituent may be replaced with more specificsubstituents, and the resulting compound is within the scope of thecompounds of the present invention.

As used herein, the terms “substituted” or “optionally substituted” meanthat the subject substituents are known to one skilled in the art to bechemical moieties that are appropriate for substitution at a designatedatom position, replacing one or more hydrogens on the designated atomwith a selection from the indicated group, provided that the designatedatom's normal valency under the existing circumstances is not exceeded,and that the substitution results in a stable compound. Combinations ofsubstituents and/or variables are permissible only if such combinationsresult in stable compounds. It should also be noted that any carbon aswell as heteroatom with unsatisfied valences as described or shownherein is assumed to have a sufficient number of hydrogen atom(s) tosatisfy the valences described or shown.

As used herein, the terms “stable compound’ or “stable structure” mean acompound that is sufficiently robust to survive isolation to a usefuldegree of purity from a reaction mixture and formulations thereof intoan efficacious therapeutic agent.

As used herein, the term “optionally substituted” further means optionalsubstitution with the specified groups, radicals or moieties.

As used herein, the terms “enhance” and “increase” in the context ofinclusion of exon 7 of SMN2 into mRNA transcribed from the SMN2 gene orin the level of expression of a protein by a host cell are usedinterchangeably.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

FIG. 1: Schematic drawing of the SMN2 minigene construct, its featuresand its two alternatively spliced mRNA transcripts. The nucleotide addedto exon 7 of SMN2 after nucleic residue 48 is indicated by the letter“A,” which could be adenine, cytosine, or thymine. In the presence of acompound that increases the inclusion of exon 7 of SMN2 into mRNAtranscribed from the SMN2 gene, the luciferase gene will be in framewith the SMN2 minigene after splicing due to the inclusion of exon 7 anda fusion protein with luciferase activity will be produced. When exon 7is excluded (i.e., in the absence of a compound that enhances theinclusion of exon 7 of SMN2 into mRNA transcribed from the SMN2 gene), aframeshift is created in exon 8 of SMN resulting in the luciferase genebeing out of frame. The frameshift will also result in a nonsense codonin exon 8 of SMN2 resulting in termination of translation. Thus, atruncated SMN protein will be made that does not include the luciferaseportion. Therefore, the luciferase activity detected in the presence ofthe compound will be higher than the luciferase activity detected in theabsence of the compound or the presence of a negative control (e.g., PBSor DMSO). A stop codon(s) is/are indicated by “Stop.”

FIG. 2: DNA sequence of the minigene from the SMN2-G minigene construct(SEQ ID NO:19). Within the sequence shown in FIG. 2, the followingsubsequences can be found:

1-70: 5′UTR (deg)

71-79: start codon and BamHI site (atgggatcc)

80-190: exon 6

191-5959: intron 6

5960-6014: exon 7 with G insert (position 6008)

6015-6458: intron 7

6459-6481: part of exon 8

6482-8146: BamHI site, luciferase coding sequence starting with codon 2,NotI site, TAA stop codon

8147-8266: 3′UTR (deg).

FIG. 3: DNA sequence of the minigene from the SMN2-A minigene construct(SEQ ID NO:20). Within the sequence shown in FIG. 1, the followingsubsequences can be found:

1-70: 5′UTR (deg)

71-79: start codon and BamHI site (atgggatcc)

80-190: exon 6

191-5959: intron 6

5960-6014: exon 7 with A insert (position 6008)

6015-6458: intron 7

6459-6481: part of exon 8

6482-8146: BamHI site, luciferase coding sequence starting with codon 2,NotI site, TAA stop codon

8147-8266: 3′UTR (deg).

FIG. 4: Bar graphs showing the ratio of luciferase activity ofcorresponding SMN1 and SMN2 minigene constructs in transientlytransfected HEK293H cells. HEK293H cells were transiently transfectedwith SMN1-A, SMN1-T, SMN1-C and SMN1-G versions of the SMN1 minigeneconstruct. The luciferase activity in these cells was compared with theluciferase activity in HEK293H cells that were transiently transfectedwith the SMN2-A, SMN2-T, SMN2-C and SMN2-G versions of the SMN2 minigeneconstruct. For example, to determine the ratio of luciferase activity,e.g., between HEK293H cells containing the two different C versions ofthe minigene construct, the luciferase activity values obtained forcells containing the SMN1-C construct were divided by the luciferaseactivity values obtained for cells containing the SMN2-C construct.

FIG. 5: Schematic drawing of SMN-qPCR secondary assay design. The 5′primer hybridizes to exon 7; the 3′ primer hybridizes to luciferase; theprobe hybridizes to the junction between exons 7 and 8. The primers andthe probe produce a signal in real-time PCR only if the inclusion ofexon 7 of SMN2 into mRNA transcribed from the SMN2 gene has beenenhanced by a compound.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION

The present invention provides nucleic acid constructs and screeningassays for the identification and/or validation of compounds thatenhance the inclusion of exon 7 of SMN2 into mRNA transcribed from theSMN2 gene.

The present invention provides compounds for use in methods forenhancing the expression of SMN in a human subject in need thereof andfor treating SMA in a human subject in need thereof. A compound thatenhances the inclusion of exon 7 of SMN2 into mRNA transcribed from theSMN2 gene increases levels of SMN protein produced from the SMN2 gene,and therefore, may increase SMN protein in SMA patients and thus, mayprovide a therapeutic benefit. In a specific embodiment, the compoundbinds directly to SMN2 pre-mRNA. In another embodiment, the compoundbinds to a regulatory protein(s) and/or a molecule(s) that binds and/orassociates with SMN2 pre-mRNA, including, but not limited to aprotein(s) needed for spliceosome formation. In another embodiment, thecompound binds to a nucleotide regulatory sequence(s) of a gene(s) thatencodes a protein(s) that binds and/or associates with SMN2 pre-mRNA.

In one embodiment, the present invention provides a method for enhancingthe expression of SMN in a human subject in need thereof, comprisingadministering to the subject an effective amount of a compound ofFormula (I) or a form thereof. In another embodiment, the presentinvention provides a use of a compound of Formula (I) or a form thereoffor the preparation of a medicament that enhancing inclusion of exon 7of SMN2 into mRNA transcribed from the SMN2 gene in a human subject inneed thereof.

In one embodiment, the present invention provides a method for treatingSMA in a human subject in need thereof, comprising administering to thesubject an effective amount of a compound of Formula (I) or a formthereof. In another embodiment, the present invention provides a use ofa compound of Formula (I) or a form thereof for the preparation of amedicament that treats SMA in a human subject in need thereof.

Embodiments of the present invention include a compound of Formula (I)having the following structure:

-   -   or a form thereof, wherein:    -   Y and Z are each independently selected from N or C, wherein Y        and Z are each not simultaneously N or C;    -   W is N or C;    -   R₁ is selected from hydrogen or aryl, wherein aryl is optionally        substituted with carboxyl and, wherein R₁ is absent when Z is N;    -   R₂ is selected from hydrogen, C₃₋₁₄cycloalkyl, aryl, heteroaryl        or heterocyclyl,    -   wherein aryl is optionally substituted with one, two, or three        substituents each selected from halogen, carboxyl, C₁₋₆alkyl,        C₁₋₆alkoxy, halo-C₁₋₆alkoxy, C₁₋₆alkoxy-carbonyl, amino or        C₁₋₆alkyl-amino, or one substituent selected from halo-C₁₋₆        alkyl-amino, hydroxy-C₁₋₆alkyl-amino, amino-carbonyl,        C₁₋₆alkyl-amino-carbonyl, aryl, heteroaryl or heterocyclyl,        optionally substituted on heterocyclyl with one or two oxo        substituents,    -   wherein heteroaryl is optionally substituted with one or two        C₁₋₆alkyl substituents or one heterocyclyl substituent,    -   wherein heterocyclyl is optionally substituted with one or two        substituents each selected from halogen or C₁₋₆alkyl, and    -   wherein R₂ is absent when Y is N; and    -   R₃ is one, two, or three carbon atom substituents each selected        from hydrogen, halogen, carboxyl, C₁₋₆alkyl, C₁₋₆alkoxy, amino,        amino-C₁₋₆alkyl, C₁₋₆alkyl-carbonyl-amino, C₃₋₁₄cycloalkyl,        C₃₋₁₄cycloalkyloxy, C₃₋₁₄ cycloalkyl-C₁₋₆ alkyl, aryl, aryloxy,        aryloxy-C₁₋₆ alkyl, heteroaryl, heteroaryl-C₁₋₆ alkyl,        heterocyclyl, heterocyclyl-C₁₋₆ alkyl or heterocyclyl-carbonyl,    -   wherein each instance of amino is optionally substituted with        one or two substituents each selected from C₁₋₆alkyl,        hydroxy-C₁₋₆alkyl, carboxy-C₁₋₆ alkyl, aryl-C₁₋₆ alkyl,        heterocyclyl-C₁₋₆ alkyl or aryl optionally substituted with one        or two C₁₋₆alkyl substituents,    -   wherein each instance of aryl is optionally substituted with one        or two substituents each selected from halogen, C₁₋₆alkyl,        halo-C₁₋₆alkyl, C₁₋₆alkoxy, halo-C₁₋₆alkoxy or aryl optionally        substituted with one or two C₁₋₆alkyl substituents, and    -   wherein each instance of heterocyclyl is optionally substituted        with one or two substituents each selected from C₁₋₆alkyl or        aryl optionally substituted with one or two C₁₋₆alkyl        substituents, or is optionally substituted on one or two carbon        atoms with an oxo substituent.    -   In some embodiments, a compound includes a compound of        Formula (I) or a form thereof wherein:    -   R₂ is selected from hydrogen, aryl, heteroaryl or heterocyclyl,    -   wherein aryl is optionally substituted with one or two        substituents each selected from halogen, carboxyl, C₁₋₆alkyl,        C₁₋₆alkoxy, halo-C₁₋₆alkoxy or C₁₋₆alkoxy-carbonyl, or one        substituent selected from halo-C₁₋₆alkyl-amino,        hydroxy-C₁₋₆alkyl-amino, amino-carbonyl, aryl, heteroaryl or        heterocyclyl optionally substituted with one oxo substituent,    -   wherein heteroaryl is optionally substituted with one or two        C₁₋₆alkyl substituents or one heterocyclyl substituent,    -   wherein heterocyclyl is optionally substituted with two halogen        substituents, and    -   wherein R₂ is absent when Y is N; and    -   R₃ is one, two, or three carbon atom substituents each selected        from hydrogen, halogen, carboxyl, C₁₋₆alkyl, C₁₋₆alkoxy, amino,        amino-C₁₋₆alkyl, C₁₋₆alkyl-carbonyl-amino, aryl, aryloxy,        aryloxy-C₁₋₆alkyl, heteroaryl, heteroaryl-C₁₋₆alkyl,        heterocyclyl or heterocyclyl-carbonyl,    -   wherein each instance of amino is optionally substituted with        one or two substituents each selected from C₁₋₆alkyl,        hydroxy-C₁₋₆alkyl, carboxy-C₁₋₆ alkyl, aryl-C₁₋₆ alkyl,        heterocyclyl-C₁₋₆ alkyl or aryl optionally substituted with one        or two C₁₋₆alkyl substituents,    -   wherein each instance of aryl is optionally substituted with one        or two substituents each selected from halogen, C₁₋₆alkyl,        halo-C₁₋₆alkyl, C₁₋₆ alkoxy or halo-C₁₋₆alkoxy, and    -   wherein each instance of heterocyclyl is optionally substituted        with one or two C₁₋₆alkyl substituents, or is optionally        substituted on a carbon atom with an oxo substituent.    -   In some embodiments, a compound includes a compound of        Formula (I) or a form thereof wherein:    -   R₁ is selected from hydrogen or phenyl, wherein phenyl is        optionally substituted with carboxyl and, wherein R₁ is absent        when Z is N;    -   R₂ is selected from hydrogen, phenyl, furanyl, thienyl,        pyridinyl, 2,3-dihydro-benzofuranyl or benzo[1,3]dioxolyl,    -   wherein phenyl is optionally substituted with one or two        substituents each selected from halogen, carboxyl, C₁₋₆alkyl,        C₁₋₆alkoxy, halo-C₁₋₆alkoxy or C₁₋₆alkoxy-carbonyl, or one        substituent selected from halo-C₁₋₆alkyl-amino,        hydroxy-C₁₋₆alkyl-amino, amino-carbonyl, phenyl, pyrazolyl,        azetidinyl, pyrrolidinyl or morpholinyl, optionally substituted        on pyrrolidinyl with one oxo substituent,    -   wherein furanyl, thienyl and pyridinyl is optionally substituted        with one or two C₁₋₆alkyl substituents or one azetidinyl,        pyrrolidinyl, piperidinyl, piperazinyl or morpholinyl        substituent,    -   wherein benzo[1,3]dioxolyl is optionally substituted with two        halogen substituents, and    -   wherein R₂ is absent when Y is N; and    -   R₃ is one, two, or three carbon atom substituents each selected        from hydrogen, halogen, carboxyl, C₁₋₆alkyl, C₁₋₆alkoxy, amino,        amino-C₁₋₆alkyl, C₁₋₆ alkyl-carbonyl-amino, phenyl, phenyloxy,        phenyloxy-C₁₋₆ alkyl, imidazolyl, pyrazolyl, 1H-1,2,4-triazolyl,        benzofuranyl, imidazolyl-C₁₋₆alkyl, azetidinyl, pyrrolidinyl,        piperidinyl, piperazinyl, morpholinyl, 1,4-diazepanyl,        2,3-dihydro-indolyl, 3,4-dihydroisoquinolin-(1H)-yl,        1,4-dioxa-8-azaspiro[4.5]decanyl, pyrrolidinyl-carbonyl or        morpholinyl-carbonyl,    -   wherein each instance of amino is optionally substituted with        one or two substituents each selected from C₁₋₆alkyl,        hydroxy-C₁₋₆alkyl, carboxy-C₁₋₆ alkyl, phenyl-C₁₋₆ alkyl,        benzo[1,3]dioxolyl-C₁₋₆ alkyl, or phenyl optionally substituted        with one or two C₁₋₆alkyl substituents,    -   wherein each instance of phenyl is optionally substituted with        one or two substituents each selected from halogen, C₁₋₆alkyl,        halo-C₁₋₆alkyl, C₁₋₆alkoxy or halo-C₁₋₆alkoxy, and    -   wherein each instance of azetidinyl, pyrrolidinyl, piperazinyl,        morpholinyl or 1,4-diazepanyl is optionally substituted with one        or two C₁₋₆alkyl substituents, or is optionally substituted on        one azetidinyl or pyrrolidinyl carbon atom with an oxo        substituent.

In some embodiments, a compound includes a compound of Formula (I) or aform thereof selected from the group consisting of a compound of Formula(Ia), Formula (Ib), Formula (Ic), Formula (Id), Formula (Ie) and Formula(If) or forms thereof, wherein all substituent variables are aspreviously defined:

In some embodiments, a form of a compound of Formula (I), Formula (Ia),Formula (Ib), Formula (Ic), Formula (Id), Formula (Ie) or Formula (If)is selected from a pharmaceutically acceptable free acid, free base,salt, hydrate, solvate, clathrate, racemate, stereoisomer, or polymorphthereof.

In some embodiments, a compound of Formula (I) or a form thereof for usein the present invention is selected from the group consisting of:

In some embodiments, a compound for use in the present invention is oneof the following compounds:

Cpd Name 1 3-benzooxazol-2-yl-benzoic acid, 23-(6-methyl-benzooxazol-2-yl)-benzoic acid, 33-(5-phenyl-benzooxazol-2-yl)-benzoic acid, 43-[5-(4-isopropyl-3-methyl-phenoxymethyl)-benzooxazol-2-yl]-benzoicacid, 53-{5-[(4-isopropyl-phenylamino)-methyl]-benzooxazol-2-yl}-benzoic acid,6 3-(5-tert-butyl-benzooxazol-2-yl)-benzoic acid, 73-(5-chloro-benzooxazol-2-yl)-benzoic acid, 83-(6-imidazol-1-ylmethyl-benzooxazol-2-yl)-benzoic acid, 93-(5-bromo-benzooxazol-2-yl)-benzoic acid, 104-(5-phenyl-benzooxazol-2-yl)-benzoic acid, 114-(6-methyl-benzooxazol-2-yl)-benzoic acid, 124-(5-chloro-benzooxazol-2-yl)-benzoic acid, 134-(5-tert-butyl-benzooxazol-2-yl)-benzoic acid, 142-(3-carboxy-phenyl)-benzooxazole-6-carboxylic acid, 152-(3-carboxy-phenyl)-benzooxazole-5-carboxylic acid, 163-[5-(morpholine-4-carbonyl)-benzooxazol-2-yl]-benzoic acid, 173-[6-(morpholine-4-carbonyl)-benzooxazol-2-yl]-benzoic acid, 182-biphenyl-4-yl-benzooxazole-6-carboxylic acid, 192-biphenyl-4-yl-benzooxazole-5-carboxylic acid, 204-(5-bromo-benzooxazol-2-yl)-benzoic acid, 213-(5-methyl-benzooxazol-2-yl)-benzoic acid, 223-[5-(1,1-dimethyl-propyl)-benzooxazol-2-yl]-benzoic acid, 233-(6-Phenyl-benzooxazol-2-yl)-benzoic acid, 242-(4-isopropyl-phenyl)-benzooxazole-5-carboxylic acid, 252-(4-isopropyl-phenyl)-benzooxazole-6-carboxylic acid, 262-benzo[1,3]dioxol-5-yl-benzooxazole-5-carboxylic acid, 272-biphenyl-4-yl-benzooxazole-7-carboxylic acid, 282-[4-(2-oxo-pyrrolidin-1-yl)-phenyl]-benzooxazole-5-carboxylic acid, 293-[5-(4-trifluoromethoxy-phenyl)-benzooxazol-2-yl]-benzoic acid, 303-[5-(3,4-difluoro-phenyl)-benzooxazol-2-yl]-benzoic acid, 313-(5-benzofuran-2-yl-benzooxazol-2-yl)-benzoic acid, 323-(5-methoxy-benzooxazol-2-yl)-benzoic acid, 333-(6-fluoro-benzooxazol-2-yl)-benzoic acid, 343-[6-(2,6-dimethyl-morpholin-4-yl)-benzooxazol-2-yl]-benzoic acid methylester, 35 2-(4-bromo-phenyl)-benzooxazole-5-carboxylic acid, 363-[5-(4-isopropyl-phenyl)-benzooxazol-2-yl] -benzoic acid, 373-[5-(3,5-dimethyl-phenyl)-benzooxazol-2-yl]-benzoic acid, 382-p-tolyl-benzooxazole-5-carboxylic acid, 392-(4-methoxy-phenyl)-benzooxazole-5-carboxylic acid, 402-(4-pyrrolidin-1-yl-phenyl)-benzooxazole-5-carboxylic acid, 413-(6-piperidin-1-yl-benzooxazol-2-yl)-benzoic acid, 423-(6-morpholin-4-yl-benzooxazol-2-yl)-benzoic acid, 433-(5-pyrrolidin-1-yl-benzooxazol-2-yl)-benzoic acid, 443-(6-pyrazol-1-yl-benzooxazol-2-yl)-benzoic acid, 453-[6-(2-oxo-azetidin-1-yl)-benzooxazol-2-yl]-benzoic acid, 463-[6-(l,4-dioxa-8-aza-spiro[4.5]dec-8-yl)-benzooxazol-2-yl]-benzoicacid, 47 2-[4-(2-oxo-pyrrolidin-1-yl)-phenyl]-benzooxazole-5-carboxylicacid, 48 3-[6-(4-methyl-piperazin-1-yl)-benzooxazol-2-yl]-benzoic acid,49 3-(6-imidazol-1-yl-benzooxazol-2-yl)-benzoic acid, 503-[6-(2,3-dihydro-indol-1-yl)-benzooxazol-2-yl]-benzoic acid, 512-(4-morpholin-4-yl-phenyl)-benzooxazole-5-carboxylic acid, 523-(6-azetidin-1-yl-benzooxazol-2-yl)-benzoic acid, 533-(6-pyrrolidin-1-yl-benzooxazol-2-yl)-benzoic acid, 542-[4-(3-chloro-propylamino)-phenyl]-benzooxazole-5-carboxylic acid, 552-(4-fluoro-phenyl)-benzooxazole-5-carboxylic acid, 562-(4-pyrazol-1-yl-phenyl)-benzooxazole-5-carboxylic acid, 572-(4-azetidin-1-yl-phenyl)-benzooxazole-5-carboxylic acid, 582-phenyl-oxazolo[4,5-b]pyridine, 596-bromo-2-phenyl-oxazolo[4,5-b]pyridine, 603-(6-[1,2,4]triazol-1-yl-benzooxazol-2-yl)-benzoic acid, 613-[6-(2-hydroxy-ethylamino)-benzooxazol-2-yl]-benzoic acid, 623-[5-(2-oxo-pyrrolidin-1-yl)-benzooxazol-2-yl]-benzoic acid, 632-[4-(3-hydroxy-propylamino)-phenyl]-benzooxazole-5-carboxylic acid, 642-phenyl-benzooxazole-6-carboxylic acid, 652-furan-2-yl-benzooxazole-6-carboxylic acid, 662-(2-fluoro-phenyl)-benzooxazole-6-carboxylic acid, 672-(2,5-dimethyl-furan-3-yl)-benzooxazole-6-carboxylic acid, 682-pyridin-4-yl-benzooxazole-6-carboxylic acid, 692-pyridin-3-yl-benzooxazole-6-carboxylic acid, 702-(3-methyl-thiophen-2-yl)-benzooxazole-6-carboxylic acid, 713-[6-(pyrrolidine-1-carbonyl)-benzooxazol-2-yl]-benzoic acid, 723-[6-(5-hydroxy-pentylamino)-benzooxazol-2-yl]-benzoic acid, 733-(6-phenethylamino-benzooxazol-2-yl)-benzamide, 743-[6-(3-phenyl-propylamino)-benzooxazol-2-yl]-benzoic acid, 752-(2,2-difluoro-benzo[1,3]dioxol-4-yl)-benzooxazole-6-carboxylic acid,76 3-oxazolo[4,5-b]pyridin-2-yl-benzoic acid, 772-(2,5-dimethyl-furan-3-yl)-benzooxazole-5-carboxylic acid, 782-furan-2-yl-benzooxazole-5-carboxylic acid, 792-benzo[1,3]dioxol-5-yl-benzooxazole-6-carboxylic acid, 803-[6-(6-hydroxy-hexylamino)-benzooxazol-2-yl]-benzoic acid, 813-[6-(4-methyl-[1,4]diazepan-1-yl)-benzooxazol-2-yl]-benzoic acid, 823-(6-phenoxy-benzooxazol-2-yl)-benzoic acid, 833-[6-(4-hydroxy-butylamino)-benzooxazol-2-yl]-benzoic acid, 843-(6-phenethylamino-benzooxazol-2-yl)-benzoic acid, 852-(2-pyrrolidin-1-yl-pyridin-3-yl)-benzooxazole-6-carboxylic acid, 862-(3,4-dimethoxy-phenyl)-benzooxazole-6-carboxylic acid, 872-(6-morpholin-4-yl-pyridin-3-yl)-benzooxazole-6-carboxylic acid, 882-(3,4-dimethoxy-phenyl)-benzooxazole-5-carboxylic acid, 892-(6-pyrrolidin-1-yl-pyridin-3-yl)-benzooxazole-5-carboxylic acid, 902-(6-morpholin-4-yl-pyridin-3-yl)-benzooxazole-5-carboxylic acid, 912-(3,4,5,6-tetrahydro-2H-[1,2′]bipyridinyl-5′-yl)-benzooxazole-5-carboxylicacid, 92 2-(6-azetidin-1-yl-pyridin-3-yl)-benzooxazole-5-carboxylicacid, 93 2-(6-azetidin-1-yl-pyridin-3-yl)-benzooxazole-6-carboxylicacid, 942-(3,4,5,6-tetrahydro-2H-[1,2′]bipyridinyl-5′-yl)-benzooxazole-6-carboxylicacid, 95 2-(2,3-dihydro-benzofuran-5-yl)-benzooxazole-6-carboxylic acid,96 2-(6-piperazin-1-yl-pyridin-3-yl)-benzooxazole-6-carboxylic acid, 972-(2,3-dihydro-benzofuran-5-yl)-benzooxazole-5-carboxylic acid, 982-(4-trifluoromethoxy-phenyl)-benzooxazole-6-carboxylic acid, 992-(3-methoxy-phenyl)-benzooxazole-6-carboxylic acid, 1002-(4-trifluoromethoxy-phenyl)-benzooxazole-5-carboxylic acid, 1012-(3-methoxy-phenyl)-benzooxazole-5-carboxylic acid, 1023-[6-(benzyl-methyl-amino)-benzooxazol-2-yl]-benzoic acid, 1033-{6-[(benzo[1,3]dioxol-5-ylmethyl)-amino]-benzooxazol-2-yl}-benzoicacid, 104 2-(3-trifluoromethoxy-phenyl)-benzooxazole-6-carboxylic acid,105 2-(3-trifluoromethoxy-phenyl)-benzooxazole-5-carboxylic acid, 1063-(6-phenylamino-benzooxazol-2-yl)-benzamide, 1073-(6-phenoxy-benzooxazol-2-yl)-benzamide, 1083-(6-fluoro-benzooxazol-2-yl)-benzamide, 1093-(6-morpholin-4-yl-benzooxazol-2-yl)-benzamide, 1103-(6-piperidin-1-yl-benzooxazol-2-yl)-benzamide, 1113-(6-methoxy-benzooxazol-2-yl)-benzamide, 1123-(6-methyl-benzooxazol-2-yl)-benzamide, 1134-(6-methyl-benzooxazol-2-yl)-benzamide, 1143-(6-phenethylamino-benzooxazol-2-yl)-benzamide, 1154-(5-isopropyl-benzo[d]isoxazol-3-yl)-benzoic acid, 1163-(5-isopropyl-benzo[d]isoxazol-3-yl)-benzoic acid, 1173-(5-methoxy-benzo[d]isoxazol-3-yl)-benzoic acid, 1184-(6-methoxy-benzo[d]isoxazol-3-yl)-benzoic acid, 1193-(6-methoxy-benzo[d] isoxazol-3-yl)-benzoic acid, 1203-(6-phenyl-benzo[d]isoxazol-3-yl)-benzoic acid, 1214-(6-phenyl-benzo[d]isoxazol-3-yl)-benzoic acid, 1223-(6-p-tolyl-benzo[d]isoxazol-3-yl)-benzoic acid, 1234-(6-p-tolyl-benzo[d]isoxazol-3-yl)-benzoic acid, 1244-[6-(4-fluoro-phenyl)-benzo[d]isoxazol-3-yl]-benzoic acid, 1253-[6-(4-fluoro-phenyl)-benzo[d]isoxazol-3-yl]-benzoic acid, 1263-[6-(4-trifluoromethoxy-phenyl)-benzo[d]isoxazol-3-yl]-benzoic acid,127 3-[6-(4-trifluoromethyl-phenyl)-benzo[d]isoxazol-3-yl]-benzoic acid,and 128 N-[2-(4-bromo-3-methyl-phenyl)-benzooxazol-5-yl]-acetamide.

In some embodiments, a compound for use in the present invention is oneof the following compounds:

Cpd Name 2 3-(6-methyl-benzooxazol-2-yl)-benzoic acid, 63-(5-tert-butyl-benzooxazol-2-yl)-benzoic acid, 83-(6-imidazol-1-ylmethyl-benzooxazol-2-yl)-benzoic acid, 114-(6-methyl-benzooxazol-2-yl)-benzoic acid, 182-biphenyl-4-yl-benzooxazole-6-carboxylic acid, 192-biphenyl-4-yl-benzooxazole-5-carboxylic acid, 213-(5-methyl-benzooxazol-2-yl)-benzoic acid, 223-[5-(1,1-dimemyl-propyl)-benzooxazol-2-yl]-benzoic acid, 233-(6-Phenyl-benzooxazol-2-yl)-benzoic acid, 242-(4-isopropyl-phenyl)-benzooxazole-5-carboxylic acid, 262-benzo[1,3]dioxol-5-yl-benzooxazole-5-carboxylic acid, 282-[4-(2-oxo-pyrrolidin-1-yl)-phenyl]-benzooxazole-5-carboxylic acid, 293-[5-(4-trifluoromethoxy-phenyl)-benzooxazol-2-yl]-benzoic acid, 303-[5-(3,4-difluoro-phenyl)-benzooxazol-2-yl]-benzoic acid, 313-(5-benzofuran-2-yl-benzooxazol-2-yl)-benzoic acid, 323-(5-methoxy-benzooxazol-2-yl)-benzoic acid, 352-(4-bromo-phenyl)-benzooxazole-5-carboxylic acid, 363-[5-(4-isopropyl-phenyl)-benzooxazol-2-yl]-benzoic acid, 373-[5-(3,5-dimethyl-phenyl)-benzooxazol-2-yl]-benzoic acid, 382-p-tolyl-benzooxazole-5-carboxylic acid, 392-(4-methoxy-phenyl)-benzooxazole-5-carboxylic acid, 413-(6-piperidin-1-yl-benzooxazol-2-yl)-benzoic acid, 423-(6-morpholin-4-yl-benzooxazol-2-yl)-benzoic acid, 433-(5-pyrrolidin-1-yl-benzooxazol-2-yl)-benzoic acid, 443-(6-pyrazol-1-yl-benzooxazol-2-yl)-benzoic acid, 483-[6-(4-methyl-piperazin-1-yl)-benzooxazol-2-yl]-benzoic acid, 512-(4-morpholin-4-yl-phenyl)-benzooxazole-5-carboxylic acid, 523-(6-azetidin-1-yl-benzooxazol-2-yl)-benzoic acid, 542-[4-(3-chloro-propylamino)-phenyl]-benzooxazole-5-carboxylic acid, 552-(4-fluoro-phenyl)-benzooxazole-5-carboxylic acid, 572-(4-azetidin-1-yl-phenyl)-benzooxazole-5-carboxylic acid, 652-furan-2-yl-benzooxazole-6-carboxylic acid, 662-(2-fluoro-phenyl)-benzooxazole-6-carboxylic acid, 672-(2,5-dimethyl-furan-3-yl)-benzooxazole-6-carboxylic acid, 692-pyridin-3-yl-benzooxazole-6-carboxylic acid, 713-[6-(pyrrolidine-1-carbonyl)-benzooxazol-2-yl]-benzoic acid, 733-(6-phenethylamino-benzooxazol-2-yl)-benzamide, 772-(2,5-dimethyl-furan-3-yl)-benzooxazole-5-carboxylic acid, 813-[6-(4-methyl-[1,4]diazepan-1-yl)-benzooxazol-2-yl]-benzoic acid, 823-(6-phenoxy-benzooxazol-2-yl)-benzoic acid, 892-(6-pyrrolidin-1-yl-pyridin-3-yl)-benzooxazole-5-carboxylic acid, 902-(6-morpholin-4-yl-pyridin-3-yl)-benzooxazole-5-carboxylic acid, 912-(3,4,5,6-tetrahydro-2H-[1,2′]bipyridinyl-5′-yl)-benzooxazole-5-carboxylicacid, 93 2-(6-azetidin-1-yl-pyridin-3-yl)-benzooxazole-6-carboxylicacid, 100 2-(4-trifluoromethoxy-phenyl)-benzooxazole-5-carboxylic acid,102 3-[6-(benzyl-methyl-amino)-benzooxazol-2-yl]-benzoic acid, 1052-(3-trifluoromethoxy-phenyl)-benzooxazole-5-carboxylic acid, 1063-(6-phenylamino-benzooxazol-2-yl)-benzamide, 1103-(6-piperidin-1-yl-benzooxazol-2-yl)-benzamide, 1113-(6-methoxy-benzooxazol-2-yl)-benzamide, 1123-(6-methyl-benzooxazol-2-yl)-benzamide, and 128N-[2-(4-bromo-3-methyl-phenyl)-benzooxazol-5-yl]-acetamide.

In some embodiments, a compound for use in the present invention is oneof the following compounds:

Cpd Name 24 2-(4-isopropyl-phenyl)-benzooxazole-5-carboxylic acid, 323-(5-methoxy-benzooxazol-2-yl)-benzoic acid, 382-p-tolyl-benzooxazole-5-carboxylic acid, 413-(6-piperidin-1-yl-benzooxazol-2-yl)-benzoic acid, 662-(2-fluoro-phenyl)-benzooxazole-6-carboxylic acid, 892-(6-pyrrolidin-1-yl-pyridin-3-yl)-benzooxazole-5- carboxylic acid, and128 N-[2-(4-bromo-3-methyl-phenyl)-benzooxazol-5-yl]- acetamide.

The present invention includes a compound:N-[2-(4-bromo-3-methyl-phenyl)-benzooxazol-5-yl]-acetamide.

Nucleic Acid Constructs Nucleic Acid Constructs Containing a Minigene

The present invention provides for a nucleic acid construct comprising aminigene, wherein the minigene comprises, in 5′ to 3′ order: (i) thenucleic acid residues of exon 6 of SMN or a fragment thereof, thenucleic acid residues of intron 6 of SMN or a fragment thereof, thenucleic acid residues of exon 7 of SMN2 or a fragment thereof, thenucleic acid residues of intron 7 of SMN or a fragment thereof, and afragment of the nucleic acid residues of exon 8 of SMN, wherein either asingle adenine, thymine or cytosine residue is inserted after nucleicacid residue 48 of exon 7 of SMN2, or a single nucleotide is insertedafter nucleic acid residue 45, 46, or 47 of exon 7 of SMN2, and (ii) areporter gene fused in frame to the fragment of the nucleic acidresidues of exon 8 of SMN, wherein the reporter gene does not have astart codon. In the nucleic acid constructs comprising minigenesprovided herein, the fragment of the nucleic acid residues of exon 8 inthe minigenes cannot contain a stop codon.

In some embodiments, the minigene has a start codon (e.g., ATG or anon-canonical start codon) added to the 5′ end of exon 6 of SMN or afragment thereof. In one embodiment, a single adenine, thymine orcytosine residue is inserted after nucleic acid residue 48 of exon 7 ofSMN2. In an alternative embodiment, a single nucleotide residue isinserted after nucleic acid residue 45, 46 or 47 of exon 7 of SMN2. Inone embodiment, the single nucleotide residue inserted after nucleicacid 45, 46 or 47 is adenine, thymine or cytosine. In anotherembodiment, the single nucleotide residue inserted after nucleic acid45, 46 or 47 is guanine

In one embodiment, the nucleic acid construct comprises a minigene,

wherein the minigene comprises, in 5′ to 3′ order: (i) the nucleic acidresidues of exon 6 of SMN or a fragment thereof, the nucleic acidresidues of intron 6 of SMN or a fragment thereof, the nucleic acidresidues of exon 7 of SMN2, the nucleic acid residues of intron 7 of SMNor a fragment thereof, and a fragment of the nucleic acid residues ofexon 8 of SMN, wherein either a single adenine, thymine or cytosineresidue is inserted after nucleic acid residue 48 of exon 7 of SMN2, ora single nucleotide is inserted after nucleic acid residue 45, 46, or 47of exon 7 of SMN2, and (ii) a reporter gene fused in frame to a fragmentof the nucleic acid residues of exon 8 of SMN, wherein the reporter genedoes not have a start codon.

In a specific embodiment, the invention provides for a nucleic acidconstruct comprising a minigene, wherein the minigene comprises, in 5′to 3′ order: (i) a start codon, the nucleic acid residues of exon 6 ofSMN, the nucleic acid residues of intron 6 of SMN, the nucleic acidresidues of exon 7 of SMN2, the nucleic acid residues of intron 7 ofSMN, and the first 23 nucleic acid residues of exon 8, wherein a singleadenine, thymine or cytosine residue is inserted after nucleic acidresidue 48 of exon 7 of SMN2, and (ii) a reporter gene fused in frame tothe 23 nucleic acid residues of exon 8 of SMN,

wherein the reporter gene does not have a start codon.

In a specific embodiment, the invention provides for a nucleic acidconstruct comprising a minigene, wherein the minigene comprises, in 5′to 3′ order: (i) a start codon, the nucleic acid residues of exon 6 ofSMN, the nucleic acid residues of intron 6 of SMN, the nucleic acidresidues of exon 7 of SMN2, the nucleic acid residues of intron 7 ofSMN, and the first 21 nucleic acid residues of exon 8, wherein a singleadenine, thymine or cytosine residue is inserted after nucleic acidresidue 48 of exon 7 of SMN2, and (ii) a reporter gene fused in frame tothe 23 nucleic acid residues of exon 8 of SMN, wherein the reporter genedoes not have a start codon.

In another specific embodiment, the nucleic acid construct comprises aminigene, wherein the minigene comprises, in 5′ to 3′ order: the nucleicacid residues of exon 6 of SMN, the nucleic acid residues of intron 6 ofSMN, the nucleic acid residues of exon 7 of SMN2, the nucleic acidresidues of intron 7 of SMN, a fragment of exon 8 of SMN, and thenucleic acid residues of the coding sequence of a reporter gene lackinga start codon, wherein either a single adenine, thymine or cytosineresidue is inserted after nucleic acid residue 48 of the nucleic acidresidues of exon 7 of SMN2, or a single nucleotide is inserted afternucleic acid residue 45, 46 or 47 of exon 7 of SMN2. In one aspect, theminigene comprises a start codon 5′ to the nucleic acid residues of exon6 of SMN, wherein the first codon of the coding sequence of the reportergene and the start codon of the minigene are in the same open readingframe.

In another specific embodiment, the nucleic acid construct comprises aminigene, wherein the minigene comprises, in 5′ to 3′ order: the nucleicacid residues of exon 6 of SMN or a fragment thereof, the nucleic acidresidues of intron 6 of SMN or a fragment thereof, the nucleic acidresidues of exon 7 of SMN2, the nucleic acid residues of intron 7 of SMNor a fragment thereof, a fragment of exon 8 of SMN, and the nucleic acidresidues of the coding sequence of a reporter gene lacking a startcodon, wherein either a single adenine, thymine or cytosine residue isinserted after nucleic acid residue 48 of the nucleic acid residues ofexon 7 of SMN2, or a single nucleotide is inserted after nucleic acidresidue 45, 46 or 47 of exon 7 of SMN2, and wherein the first startcodon of the fragment of the nucleic acid residues of exon 6 of SMN andthe first codon of the coding sequence of the reporter gene are in thesame open reading frame.

In another specific embodiment, the nucleic acid construct comprises aminigene, wherein the minigene comprises, in 5′ to 3′ order: a startcodon, the nucleic acid residues of exon 6 of SMN or a fragment thereof,the nucleic acid residues of intron 6 of SMN or a fragment thereof, thenucleic acid residues of exon 7 of SMN2, the nucleic acid residues ofintron 7 of SMN or a fragment thereof, a fragment of exon 8 of SMN, andthe nucleic acid residues of the coding sequence of a reporter genelacking a start codon, wherein either a single adenine, thymine orcytosine residue is inserted after nucleic acid residue 48 of thenucleic acid residues of exon 7 of SMN2, or a single nucleotide isinserted after nucleic acid residue 45, 46 or 47 of exon 7 of SMN2, andwherein the first codon of the coding sequence of the reporter gene andthe first start codon of the minigene are in the same open readingframe.

In another specific embodiment, the nucleic acid construct comprises aminigene, wherein the minigene comprises, in 5′ to 3′ order: nucleicacid residues encoding a first amino acid sequence, the nucleic acidresidues of intron 6 of SMN or a fragment thereof, the nucleic acidresidues of exon 7 of SMN2, the nucleic acid residues of intron 7 of SMNor a fragment thereof, nucleic acid residues encoding a second aminoacid sequence, and the nucleic acid residues of the coding sequence of areporter gene lacking a start codon, wherein (i) either a singleadenine, thymine or cytosine residue is inserted after nucleic acidresidue 48 of the nucleic acid residues of exon 7 of SMN2, or a singlenucleotide is inserted after nucleic acid residue 45, 46 or 47 of exon 7of SMN2; (ii) the nucleic acid residues encoding the first amino acidsequence include a start codon; (iii) the nucleic acid residues encodingthe first and second amino acid sequences permit removal of an intronvia mRNA splicing, and (iv) the first codon of the coding sequence ofthe reporter gene and the start codon of the nucleic acid residuesencoding the first amino acid sequence are in the same open readingframe.

In another specific embodiment, the nucleic acid construct comprises aminigene, wherein the minigene comprises, in 5′ to 3′ order: a startcodon, nucleic acid residues encoding a first amino acid sequence, thenucleic acid residues of intron 6 of SMN or a fragment thereof, thenucleic acid residues of exon 7 of SMN2, the nucleic acid residues ofintron 7 of SMN or a fragment thereof, nucleic acid residues encoding asecond amino acid sequence, and the nucleic acid residues of the codingsequence of a reporter gene lacking a start codon, wherein (i) either asingle adenine, thymine or cytosine residue is inserted after nucleicacid residue 48 of the nucleic acid residues of exon 7 of SMN2, or asingle nucleotide is inserted after nucleic acid residue 45, 46 or 47 ofexon 7 of SMN2; (ii) the nucleic acid residues encoding the first andsecond amino acid sequences permit removal of an intron via mRNAsplicing, and (iii) the first codon of the coding sequence of thereporter gene and the first start codon of the minigene are in the sameopen reading frame. In certain embodiments, the nucleic acid sequencesencoding the first and second amino acid sequence are identical. Inother embodiments, the first and second amino acid sequences encoded bythe first and second nucleic acid sequences are identical. Those ofskill in the art will understand that, due to the degeneracy of thegenetic code, different nucleic acid sequences can code for theidentical amino acid sequence.

The present invention also provides a nucleic acid construct comprisinga minigene, wherein the minigene comprises, in 5′ to 3′ order: (i) thenucleic acid residues of exon 6 of SMN or a fragment thereof, thenucleic acid residues of intron 6 of SMN or a fragment thereof, thenucleic acid residues of exon 7 of SMN2 or a fragment thereof, thenucleic acid residues of intron 7 of SMN or a fragment thereof, and afragment of the nucleic acid residues of exon 8 of SMN, wherein a singleguanine residue is inserted after nucleic acid residue 48 of exon 7 ofSMN2, and (ii) a reporter gene fused in frame to a fragment of thenucleic acid residues of exon 8 of SMN, wherein the reporter gene doesnot have a start codon. In some embodiments, the minigene has a startcodon (e.g., ATG or a non-canonical start codon) added to the 5′ end ofexon 6 of SMN or a fragment thereof. In certain embodiments, theminigene comprises a fragment of exon 8 of SMN having a number ofnucleic acid residues other than 21 from the 5′-terminus. In someembodiments, the fragment is composed of more than the first 21nucleotides of exon 8 of SMN. In other embodiments, the fragment iscomposed of less than the first 21 nucleotides of exon 8 of SMN.

The present invention also provides a nucleic acid construct comprisinga minigene, wherein the minigene comprises, in 5′ to 3′ order: (i) thenucleic acid residues of exon 6 of SMN or a fragment thereof, thenucleic acid residues of intron 6 of SMN or a fragment thereof, thenucleic acid residues of exon 7 of SMN2 or a fragment thereof, thenucleic acid residues of intron 7 of SMN or a fragment thereof, and afragment of the nucleic acid residues of exon 8 of SMN, wherein a singleguanine residue is inserted after nucleic acid residue 48 of exon 7 ofSMN2, and (ii) a reporter gene fused in frame to a fragment of thenucleic acid residues of exon 8 of SMN, wherein the reporter gene doesnot have a start codon. In some embodiments, the minigene has a startcodon (e.g., ATG or a non-canonical start codon) added to the 5′ end ofexon 6 of SMN or a fragment thereof. In certain embodiments, theminigene comprises a fragment of exon 8 of SMN having a number ofnucleic acid residues other than 23 from the 5′-terminus. In someembodiments, the fragment is composed of more than the first 23nucleotides of exon 8 of SMN. In other embodiments, the fragment iscomposed of less than the first 23 nucleotides of exon 8 of SMN.

In a specific embodiment, the nucleic acid construct comprises aminigene,

wherein the minigene comprises, in 5′ to 3′ order: (i) a start codon,the nucleic acid residues of exon 6 of SMN2, the nucleic acid residuesof intron 6 of SMN2, the nucleic acid residues of exon 7 of SMN2, thenucleic acid residues of intron 7 of SMN2, and the first 21 or 23nucleic acid residues of exon 8 of SMN2, wherein a single guanineresidue is inserted after nucleic acid residue 48 of exon 7 of SMN2, and(ii) a reporter gene (e.g., a luciferase reporter gene) fused in frameto the 21 or 23 nucleic acid residues of exon 8 of SMN2, wherein thereporter gene does not have a start codon.

In another specific embodiment, the nucleic acid construct comprises aminigene, wherein the minigene comprises, in 5′ to 3′ order: the nucleicacid residues of exon 6 of SMN, the nucleic acid residues of intron 6 ofSMN, the nucleic acid residues of exon 7 of SMN2, the nucleic acidresidues of intron 7 of SMN, a fragment of exon 8 of SMN, and thenucleic acid residues of the coding sequence of a reporter gene lackinga start codon, wherein a single guanine residue is inserted afternucleic acid residue 48 of exon 7 of SMN2. In one aspect, the minigenecomprises a start codon 5′ to the nucleic acid residues of exon 6 ofSMN, wherein the first codon of the coding sequence of the reporter geneand the start codon of the minigene are in the same open reading frame.

In another specific embodiment, the nucleic acid construct comprises aminigene, wherein the minigene comprises, in 5′ to 3′ order: the nucleicacid residues of exon 6 of SMN or a fragment thereof, the nucleic acidresidues of intron 6 of SMN or a fragment thereof, the nucleic acidresidues of exon 7 of SMN2, the nucleic acid residues of intron 7 of SMNor a fragment thereof, a fragment of exon 8 of SMN, and the nucleic acidresidues of the coding sequence of a reporter gene lacking a startcodon, wherein a single guanine residue is inserted after nucleic acidresidue 48 of exon 7 of SMN2, and wherein the first start codon of thefragment of the nucleic acid residues of exon 6 of SMN and the firstcodon of the coding sequence of the reporter gene are in the same openreading frame.

In another specific embodiment, the nucleic acid construct comprises aminigene, wherein the minigene comprises, in 5′ to 3′ order: a startcodon, the nucleic acid residues of exon 6 of SMN or a fragment thereof,the nucleic acid residues of intron 6 of SMN or a fragment thereof, thenucleic acid residues of exon 7 of SMN2, the nucleic acid residues ofintron 7 of SMN or a fragment thereof, a fragment of exon 8 of SMN, andthe nucleic acid residues of the coding sequence of a reporter genelacking a start codon, wherein a single guanine residue is insertedafter nucleic acid residue 48 of exon 7 of SMN2, and wherein the firstcodon of the coding sequence of the reporter gene and the first startcodon of the minigene are in the same open reading frame.

In another specific embodiment, the nucleic acid construct comprises aminigene, wherein the minigene comprises, in 5′ to 3′ order: nucleicacid residues encoding a first amino acid sequence, the nucleic acidresidues of intron 6 of SMN or a fragment thereof, the nucleic acidresidues of exon 7 of SMN2, the nucleic acid residues of intron 7 of SMNor a fragment thereof, nucleic acid residues encoding a second aminoacid sequence, and the nucleic acid residues of the coding sequence of areporter gene lacking a start codon, wherein (i) wherein a singleguanine residue is inserted after nucleic acid residue 48 of exon 7 ofSMN2; (ii) the nucleic acid residues encoding the first amino acidsequence include a start codon; (iii) the nucleic acid residues encodingthe first and second amino acid sequences permit removal of an intronvia mRNA splicing, and (iv) the first codon of the coding sequence ofthe reporter gene and the start codon of the nucleic acid residuesencoding the first amino acid sequence are in the same open readingframe.

In another specific embodiment, the nucleic acid construct comprises aminigene, wherein the minigene comprises, in 5′ to 3′ order: a startcodon, nucleic acid residues encoding a first amino acid sequence, thenucleic acid residues of intron 6 of SMN or a fragment thereof, thenucleic acid residues of exon 7 of SMN2, the nucleic acid residues ofintron 7 of SMN or a fragment thereof, nucleic acid residues encoding asecond amino acid sequence, and the nucleic acid residues of the codingsequence of a reporter gene lacking a start codon, wherein (i) a singleguanine residue is inserted after nucleic acid residue 48 of exon 7 ofSMN2; (ii) the nucleic acid residues encoding the first and second aminoacid sequences permit removal of an intron via mRNA splicing, and (iii)the first codon of the coding sequence of the reporter gene and thefirst start codon of the minigene are in the same open reading frame. Incertain embodiments, the nucleic acid sequences encoding the first andsecond amino acid sequence are identical. In other embodiments, thefirst and second amino acid sequences encoded by the first and secondnucleic acid sequences are identical. Those of skill in the art willunderstand that, due to the degeneracy of the genetic code, differentnucleic acid sequences can code for the identical amino acid sequence.

In some embodiments, the nucleic acid residues of exon 6 or fragmentthereof, the nucleic acid residues of intron 6 or a fragment thereof,the nucleic acid residues of intron 7 or a fragment thereof and/or afragment of the nucleic acid residues of exon 8 are from the SMN1 gene.In other embodiments, the nucleic acid residues of exon 6 or a fragmentthereof, the nucleic acid residues of intron 6 or a fragment thereof,the nucleic acid residues of intron 7 or a fragment thereof and/or afragment of the nucleic acid residues of exon 8 are from the SMN2 gene.

In certain embodiments, the nucleic acid residues of exon 7 of SMN1rather than the nucleic acid residues of exon 7 of SMN2 are used in anucleic acid construct described herein. In some embodiments, a nucleicacid construct comprises a minigene,

wherein the minigene comprises, in 5′ to 3′ order: (i) the nucleic acidresidues of exon 6 of SMN or a fragment thereof, the nucleic acidresidues of intron 6 of SMN or a fragment thereof, the nucleic acidresidues of exon 7 of SMN1 or a fragment thereof, the nucleic acidresidues of intron 7 of SMN or a fragment thereof, and a fragment of thenucleic acid residues of exon 8 of SMN, wherein either a single adenine,thymine or cytosine residue is inserted after nucleic acid residue 48 ofexon 7 of SMN1, or a single nucleotide is inserted after nucleic acidresidue 45, 46, or 47 of exon 7 of SMN1, and (ii) a reporter gene fusedin frame to the nucleic acid residues of exon 8 of SMN or a fragmentthereof, wherein the reporter gene does not have a start codon. In someembodiments, the minigene has a start codon added to the 5′ end of exon6 of SMN or a fragment thereof.

In one specific embodiment, the nucleic acid construct comprises aminigene,

wherein the minigene comprises, in 5′ to 3′ order: (i) a start codon,the nucleic acid residues of exon 6 of SMN2, the nucleic acid residuesof intron 6 of SMN2, the nucleic acid residues of exon 7 of SMN1, thenucleic acid residues of intron 7 of SMN2, and the first 23 nucleic acidresidues of exon 8 of SMN2, wherein a single adenine, thymine orcytosine residue is inserted after nucleic acid residue 48 of exon 7 ofSMN1, and (ii) a reporter gene (e.g., a luciferase reporter gene) fusedin frame to the first 23 nucleic acid residues of exon 8 of SMN2,wherein the reporter gene does not have a start codon.

In addition to the nucleic acid residues of exon 6 of SMN or a fragmentthereof, the nucleic acid residues of intron 6 of SMN or a fragmentthereof, the nucleic acid residues of exon 7 of SMN or a fragmentthereof, the nucleic acid residues of intron 7 of SMN or a fragmentthereof, a fragment of the nucleic acid residues of exon 8 of SMN andthe reporter gene, the nucleic acid constructs may comprise one or moreregulatory elements. In some embodiments, one or more of thetranscriptional regulatory elements that are endogenous to SMN1 or SMN2may be used to regulate the transcription of the minigene. In otherembodiments, one or more transcriptional regulatory elements that areheterologous to SMN1 and/or SMN2 are used to control minigenetranscription. Accordingly, any transcriptional regulatory element(s)known to those skilled in the art are intended to be included within thescope of the present invention for use in controlling transcription ofthe instant minigene. Non-limiting examples of the types oftranscriptional regulatory element(s) include a constitutive promoter, atissue-specific promoter or an inducible promoter. In a specificembodiment, the transcription of the minigene is controlled, at least inpart, by one or more mammalian (in some embodiments, human)transcriptional regulatory element(s). In a specific embodiment, thetranscription of the minigene is controlled, at least in part, by astrong promoter, such as CMV. The transcriptional regulatory elementsmay be operably linked to the minigene.

The nucleic acid constructs of the present invention may be part of ormay be a vector that provides post-transcriptional regulatory elementsand/or transcriptional regulatory elements. The vector chosen willdepend upon a variety of factors, including, without limitation, thestrength of the transcriptional regulatory elements and the host cell tobe used to express the minigene.

In a specific embodiment, the nucleic acid construct comprises apromoter operably linked to the minigene, origins of replication fromone or more species, and, optionally, one or more selectable markers(e.g., an antibiotic resistance gene), wherein the minigene comprises,in 5′ to 3′ order: (i) the nucleic acid residues of exon 6 of SMN or afragment thereof, the nucleic acid residues of intron 6 of SMN or afragment thereof, the nucleic acid residues of exon 7 of SMN2 or afragment thereof, the nucleic acid residues of intron 7 of SMN or afragment thereof, and a fragment of the nucleic acid residues of exon 8of SMN, wherein either a single adenine, thymine or cytosine residue isinserted after nucleic acid residue 48 of exon 7 of SMN2, or a singlenucleotide is inserted after nucleic acid residue 45, 46 or 47 of exon 7of SMN2, and (ii) a reporter gene fused in frame to a fragment of thenucleic acid residues of exon 8 of SMN,

wherein the reporter gene does not have a start codon. In a specificembodiment, the nucleic acid construct is a CMV vector, such aspcDNA™3.1/Hygro (Invitrogen Corp., Carlsbad, Calif.). In otherembodiments, the nucleic acid construct is a pT7 vector, a lac vector(e.g., a lac promoter-containing vector), a pCEP4 vector or a 5.0/FRTvector.

In a specific embodiment, the nucleic acid construct comprises apromoter operably linked to the minigene, origins of replication fromone or more species, and, optionally, one or more selectable markers(e.g., an antibiotic resistance gene), wherein the minigene comprises,in 5′ to 3′ order: the nucleic acid residues of exon 6 of SMN, thenucleic acid residues of intron 6 of SMN, the nucleic acid residues ofexon 7 of SMN2, the nucleic acid residues of intron 7 of SMN, a fragmentof exon 8 of SMN, and the nucleic acid residues of the coding sequenceof a reporter gene lacking a start codon, wherein either a singleadenine, thymine or cytosine residue is inserted after nucleic acidresidue 48 of the nucleic acid residues of exon 7 of SMN2, or a singlenucleotide is inserted after nucleic acid residue 45, 46 or 47 of exon 7of SMN2. In one aspect, the minigene comprises a start codon 5′ to thenucleic acid residues of exon 6 of SMN,

wherein the first codon of the coding sequence of the reporter gene andthe start codon of the minigene are in the same open reading frame.

In a specific embodiment, the nucleic acid construct comprises apromoter operably linked to the minigene, origins of replication fromone or more species, and, optionally, one or more selectable markers(e.g., an antibiotic resistance gene), wherein the minigene comprises,in 5′ to 3′ order: the nucleic acid residues of exon 6 of SMN or afragment thereof, the nucleic acid residues of intron 6 of SMN or afragment thereof, the nucleic acid residues of exon 7 of SMN2, thenucleic acid residues of intron 7 of SMN or a fragment thereof, afragment of exon 8 of SMN, and the nucleic acid residues of the codingsequence of a reporter gene lacking a start codon, wherein either asingle adenine, thymine or cytosine residue is inserted after nucleicacid residue 48 of the nucleic acid residues of exon 7 of SMN2, or asingle nucleotide is inserted after nucleic acid residue 45, 46 or 47 ofexon 7 of SMN2, and wherein the first start codon of the fragment of thenucleic acid residues of exon 6 of SMN and the first codon of the codingsequence of the reporter gene are in the same open reading frame.

In a specific embodiment, the nucleic acid construct comprises apromoter operably linked to the minigene, origins of replication fromone or more species, and, optionally, one or more selectable markers(e.g., an antibiotic resistance gene), wherein the minigene comprises,in 5′ to 3′ order: a start codon, the nucleic acid residues of exon 6 ofSMN or a fragment thereof, the nucleic acid residues of intron 6 of SMNor a fragment thereof, the nucleic acid residues of exon 7 of SMN2, thenucleic acid residues of intron 7 of SMN or a fragment thereof, afragment of exon 8 of SMN, and the nucleic acid residues of the codingsequence of a reporter gene lacking a start codon, wherein either asingle adenine, thymine or cytosine residue is inserted after nucleicacid residue 48 of the nucleic acid residues of exon 7 of SMN2, or asingle nucleotide is inserted after nucleic acid residue 45, 46 or 47 ofexon 7 of SMN2, and wherein the first codon of the coding sequence ofthe reporter gene and the first start codon of the minigene are in thesame open reading frame.

In a specific embodiment, the nucleic acid construct comprises apromoter operably linked to the minigene, origins of replication fromone or more species, and, optionally, one or more selectable markers(e.g., an antibiotic resistance gene), wherein the minigene comprises,in 5′ to 3′ order: nucleic acid residues encoding a first amino acidsequence, the nucleic acid residues of intron 6 of SMN or a fragmentthereof, the nucleic acid residues of exon 7 of SMN2, the nucleic acidresidues of intron 7 of SMN or a fragment thereof, nucleic acid residuesencoding a second amino acid sequence, and the nucleic acid residues ofthe coding sequence of a reporter gene lacking a start codon, wherein(i) either a single adenine, thymine or cytosine residue is insertedafter nucleic acid residue 48 of the nucleic acid residues of exon 7 ofSMN2, or a single nucleotide is inserted after nucleic acid residue 45,46 or 47 of exon 7 of SMN2; (ii) the nucleic acid residues encoding thefirst amino acid sequence include a start codon; (iii) the nucleic acidresidues encoding the first and second amino acid sequences permitremoval of an intron via mRNA splicing, and (iv) the first codon of thecoding sequence of the reporter gene and the start codon of the nucleicacid residues encoding the first amino acid sequence are in the sameopen reading frame.

In a specific embodiment, the nucleic acid construct comprises apromoter operably linked to the minigene, origins of replication fromone or more species, and, optionally, one or more selectable markers(e.g., an antibiotic resistance gene), wherein the minigene comprises,in 5′ to 3′ order: a start codon, nucleic acid residues encoding a firstamino acid sequence, the nucleic acid residues of intron 6 of SMN or afragment thereof, the nucleic acid residues of exon 7 of SMN2, thenucleic acid residues of intron 7 of SMN or a fragment thereof, nucleicacid residues encoding a second amino acid sequence, and the nucleicacid residues of the coding sequence of a reporter gene lacking a startcodon, wherein (i) either a single adenine, thymine or cytosine residueis inserted after nucleic acid residue 48 of the nucleic acid residuesof exon 7 of SMN2, or a single nucleotide is inserted after nucleic acidresidue 45, 46 or 47 of exon 7 of SMN2; (ii) the nucleic acid residuesencoding the first and second amino acid sequences permit removal of anintron via mRNA splicing, and (iii) the first codon of the codingsequence of the reporter gene and the first start codon of the minigeneare in the same open reading frame.

In some embodiments, a nucleic acid construct described herein isisolated.

Reporter Genes

Any reporter gene well-known to one of skill in the art may be used inthe nucleic acid constructs of the present invention to identify orvalidate whether a compound enhances the inclusion of exon 7 of SMN2into mRNA transcribed from the SMN2 gene. Reporter genes refer to anucleotide sequence encoding a protein that is readily detectable eitherby its presence or activity. Reporter genes may be obtained and thenucleotide sequence of the reporter gene determined by any methodwell-known to one of skill in the art. In certain embodiments, a nucleicacid sequence that codes for the coding sequence of a reporter gene isused in the nucleic acid constructs described herein. In someembodiments, a nucleic acid sequence that encodes a reporter gene isused in the nucleic acid constructs described herein.

Examples of reporter genes include, but are not limited to, nucleotidesequences encoding luciferase (e.g., firefly luciferase, renillaluciferase, genetically modified luciferase, and click beetleluciferase), green fluorescent protein (“GFP”) (e.g., green fluorescentprotein, yellow fluorescent protein, red fluorescent protein, cyanfluorescent protein, and blue fluorescent protein), beta-galactosidase(“(3-gal”), beta-glucoronidase, beta-lactamase, chloramphenicolacetyltransferase (“CAT”), and alkaline phosphatase (“AP”). Commerciallyavailable vectors encoding reporter genes, e.g., luciferase, can be usedto obtain the reporter genes (e.g., Chroma-Luc™ Vectors manufactured byPromega, Madison, Wis.).

In a specific embodiment, a reporter gene utilized in the nucleic acidconstructs is easily detected and indicates an activity which is notnormally found in the cell or organism of interest. In a specificembodiment, a reporter gene utilized in the instant nucleic acidconstructs is not, per se, SMN1 or SMN2.

Cells and Transfection Techniques

A host cell may be transformed or transfected with a nucleic acidconstruct described herein. In one embodiment, the host cell istransiently transfected with a nucleic acid construct. In an alternativeembodiment, the host cell is stably transfected with a nucleic acidconstruct. In certain embodiments, more than one nucleic acid constructmay be transfected into a host cell. In one specific embodiment, thehost cell is a mammalian cell. In another specific embodiment, the hostcell is a human cell. In another embodiment, host cells are a cell line.In another embodiment, the host cells are primary cells isolated from atissue or other biological sample of interest. Host cells that can beused in the methods of the present invention include, but are notlimited to, hybridomas, pre-B cells, HEK293 cells, HEK293T cells,HEK293H cells, HeLa cells, HepG2 cells, K562 cells, NIH/3T3 cells, MCF7cells, SkBr3 cells, BT474 cells, the human type I SMA fibroblast cellsGM03813, GM09677, GM00232, or B lymphocyte GM10684, or neuroblastomacells lines such as MC-IXC, SK-N-MC, SK-N-MC, SK-N-DZ, SH-SY5Y, andBE(2)-C. In one embodiment, the host cells are immortalized cell linesderived from a source, e.g., a tissue, specific to SMA. In oneembodiment, the host cells are stem cells.

Transformation may be by any known method for introducingpolynucleotides into a host cell. The transformation procedure used willdepend upon the host to be transformed. Such methods are well-known toone of skill in the art.

In a specific embodiment, stable cell lines containing a nucleic acidconstruct of interest are generated for high throughput screening (HTS).Such stable cells lines may be generated by introducing a nucleic acidconstruct comprising a selectable marker, allowing the cells to grow for1-2 days in an enriched medium, and then growing the cells on aselective medium. The selectable marker in the recombinant plasmidconfers resistance to the selection and allows cells to stably integratethe plasmid into their chromosomes and grow to form foci which in turncan be cloned and expanded into cell lines.

In one embodiment, a cell is engineered to contain or comprise a nucleicacid construct comprising a minigene, wherein the minigene comprises, in5′ to 3′ order: (i) the nucleic acid residues of exon 6 of SMN or afragment thereof, the nucleic acid residues of intron 6 of SMN or afragment thereof, the nucleic acid residues of exon 7 of SMN2 or afragment thereof, the nucleic acid residues of intron 7 or a fragmentthereof, and a fragment of the nucleic acid residues of exon 8 of SMN,wherein either a single adenine, thymine or cytosine residue is insertedafter nucleic acid residue 48 of exon 7 of SMN2, or a single nucleotideis inserted after nucleic acid residue 45, 46 or 47 of exon 7 of SMN2,and (ii) a reporter gene fused in frame to the nucleic acid residues ofexon 8 of SMN or a fragment thereof, wherein the reporter gene does nothave a start codon. In a specific embodiment, the minigene has a startcodon added to the 5′ end of the nucleic acid residues of exon 6 of SMNor a fragment thereof.

In another embodiment, a cell is engineered to contain or comprise afirst nucleic acid construct and a second nucleic acid construct,wherein (a) the first nucleic acid construct comprises a first minigene,which comprises, in 5′ to 3′ order: (i) the nucleic acid residues ofexon 6 of SMN or a fragment thereof, the nucleic acid residues of intron6 of SMN or a fragment thereof, the nucleic acid residues of exon 7 ofSMN2 or a fragment thereof, the nucleic acid residues of intron 7 of SMNor a fragment thereof, and a fragment of the nucleic acid residues ofexon 8 of SMN, wherein either a single adenine, thymine or cytosineresidue is inserted after nucleic acid residue 48 of exon 7 of SMN2, ora single nucleotide is inserted after nucleic acid residue 45, 46, or 47of exon 7 of SMN2, and (ii) a first reporter gene fused in frame to afragment of the nucleic acid residues of exon 8 of SMN, wherein thefirst reporter gene does not have a start codon; and wherein (b) thesecond nucleic acid construct comprises a second minigene whichcomprises, in 5′ to 3′ order, (i) the nucleic acid residues of exon 6 ofSMN or a fragment thereof, the nucleic acid residues of intron 6 of SMNor a fragment thereof, the nucleic acid residues of exon 7 of SMN2 or afragment thereof, the nucleic acid residues of intron 7 of SMN or afragment thereof, and a fragment of the nucleic acid residues of exon 8of SMN, wherein a single guanine residue is inserted after nucleic acidresidue 48 of exon 7 of SMN2, and (ii) a second reporter gene fused inframe to a fragment of the nucleic acid residues of exon 8 of SMN,wherein the second reporter gene does not have a start codon. In onespecific embodiment, the first minigene and the second minigene have astart codon added to the 5′ end of the nucleic acid residues of exon 6of SMN or a fragment thereof. In another specific embodiment, the firstand the second reporter genes are different. In a specific embodiment,the fragment of the nucleic acid residues of exon 8 comprises the first21 or 23 nucleic acid residues of exon 8.

In another embodiment, a cell is engineered to contain or comprise afirst nucleic acid construct and a second nucleic acid construct,wherein (a) the first nucleic acid construct comprises a first minigenewhich comprises, in 5′ to 3′ order: (i) a start codon, the nucleic acidresidues of exon 6 of SMN or a fragment thereof, the nucleic acidresidues of intron 6 of SMN, the nucleic acid residues of exon 7 ofSMN2, the nucleic acid residues of intron 7 of SMN, and the first 23nucleic acid residues of exon 8 of SMN, wherein either a single adenine,thymine or cytosine residue is inserted after nucleic acid residue 48 ofexon 7 of SMN2, or a single nucleotide is inserted after nucleic acidresidue 45, 46 or 47 of exon 7 of SMN2, and (ii) a first reporter genefused to the 23 nucleic acid residues of exon 8 of SMN, wherein thefirst reporter gene does not have a start codon; and wherein (b) thesecond nucleic acid construct comprises a second minigene whichcomprises, in 5′ to 3′ order: (i) a start codon, the nucleic acidresidues of exon 6 of SMN or a fragment thereof, the nucleic acidresidues of intron 6 of SMN, the nucleic acid residues of exon 7 ofSMN2, the nucleic acid residues of intron 7 of SMN, and the 23 nucleicacid residues of exon 8 of SMN, wherein a single guanine residue isinserted after nucleic acid residue 48 of exon 7 of SMN2, and (ii) asecond reporter gene fused in frame to the first 23 nucleic acidresidues of exon 8 of SMN,

wherein the second reporter gene does not have a start codon.

In another embodiment, a cell is engineered to contain or comprise afirst nucleic acid construct and a second nucleic acid construct,wherein (a) the first nucleic acid construct comprises a first minigenewhich comprises, in 5′ to 3′ order: (i) the nucleic acid residues ofexon 6 of SMN or a fragment thereof, the nucleic acid residues of intron6 of SMN, the nucleic acid residues of exon 7 of SMN2, the nucleic acidresidues of intron 7 of SMN, and the first 21 nucleic acid residues ofexon 8 of SMN, wherein either a single adenine, thymine or cytosineresidue is inserted after nucleic acid residue 48 of exon 7 of SMN2, ora single nucleotide is inserted after nucleic acid residue 45, 46 or 47of exon 7 of SMN2, and (ii) a first reporter gene fused in frame to the21 nucleic acid residues of exon 8 of SMN, wherein the first reportergene does not have a start codon; and wherein (b) the second nucleicacid construct comprises a second minigene which comprises, in 5′ to 3′order: (i) the nucleic acid residues of exon 6 of SMN or a fragmentthereof, the nucleic acid residues of intron 6 of SMN, the nucleic acidresidues of exon 7 of SMN2, the nucleic acid residues of intron 7 ofSMN, and the first 21 nucleic acid residues of exon 8 of SMN, wherein asingle guanine residue is inserted after nucleic acid residue 48 of exon7 of SMN2, and (ii) a second reporter gene fused in frame to the 21nucleic acid residues of exon 8 of SMN, wherein the second reporter genedoes not have a start codon. In one specific embodiment, the firstminigene and the second minigene have a start codon added to the 5′ endof the nucleic acid residues of exon 6 of SMN or a fragment thereof. Inanother specific embodiment, the first and second reporter genes aredifferent.

In another embodiment, a cell is engineered to contain or comprise anucleic acid construct comprising a minigene, wherein the minigenecomprises, in 5′ to 3′ order: the nucleic acid residues of exon 6 ofSMN, the nucleic acid residues of intron 6 of SMN, the nucleic acidresidues of exon 7 of SMN2, the nucleic acid residues of intron 7 ofSMN, a fragment of exon 8 of SMN, and the nucleic acid residues of thecoding sequence of a reporter gene lacking a start codon, wherein eithera single adenine, thymine or cytosine residue is inserted after nucleicacid residue 48 of the nucleic acid residues of exon 7 of SMN2, or asingle nucleotide is inserted after nucleic acid residue 45, 46 or 47 ofexon 7 of SMN2. In one aspect, the minigene comprises a start codon 5′to the nucleic acid residues of exon 6 of SMN, wherein the first codonof the coding sequence of the reporter gene and the start codon of theminigene are in the same open reading frame.

In another embodiment, a cell is engineered to contain or comprise anucleic acid construct comprising a minigene, wherein the minigenecomprises, in 5′ to 3′ order: the nucleic acid residues of exon 6 of SMNor a fragment thereof, the nucleic acid residues of intron 6 of SMN or afragment thereof, the nucleic acid residues of exon 7 of SMN2, thenucleic acid residues of intron 7 of SMN or a fragment thereof, afragment of exon 8 of SMN, and the nucleic acid residues of the codingsequence of a reporter gene lacking a start codon, wherein either asingle adenine, thymine or cytosine residue is inserted after nucleicacid residue 48 of the nucleic acid residues of exon 7 of SMN2, or asingle nucleotide is inserted after nucleic acid residue 45, 46 or 47 ofexon 7 of SMN2, and wherein the first start codon of the fragment of thenucleic acid residues of exon 6 of SMN and the first codon of the codingsequence of the reporter gene are in the same open reading frame.

In another embodiment, a cell is engineered to contain or comprise anucleic acid construct comprising a minigene, wherein the minigenecomprises, in 5′ to 3′ order: a start codon, the nucleic acid residuesof exon 6 of SMN or a fragment thereof, the nucleic acid residues ofintron 6 of SMN or a fragment thereof, the nucleic acid residues of exon7 of SMN2, the nucleic acid residues of intron 7 of SMN or a fragmentthereof, a fragment of exon 8 of SMN, and the nucleic acid residues ofthe coding sequence of a reporter gene lacking a start codon, whereineither a single adenine, thymine or cytosine residue is inserted afternucleic acid residue 48 of the nucleic acid residues of exon 7 of SMN2,or a single nucleotide is inserted after nucleic acid residue 45, 46 or47 of exon 7 of SMN2, and wherein the first codon of the coding sequenceof the reporter gene and the first start codon of the minigene are inthe same open reading frame.

In another embodiment, a cell is engineered to contain or comprise anucleic acid construct comprising a minigene, wherein the minigenecomprises, in 5′ to 3′ order: nucleic acid residues encoding a firstamino acid sequence, the nucleic acid residues of intron 6 of SMN or afragment thereof, the nucleic acid residues of exon 7 of SMN2, thenucleic acid residues of intron 7 of SMN or a fragment thereof, nucleicacid residues encoding a second amino acid sequence, and the nucleicacid residues of the coding sequence of a reporter gene lacking a startcodon, wherein (i) either a single adenine, thymine or cytosine residueis inserted after nucleic acid residue 48 of the nucleic acid residuesof exon 7 of SMN2, or a single nucleotide is inserted after nucleic acidresidue 45, 46 or 47 of exon 7 of SMN2; (ii) the nucleic acid residuesencoding the first amino acid sequence include a start codon; (iii) thenucleic acid residues encoding the first and second amino acid sequencespermit removal of an intron via mRNA splicing, and (iv) the first codonof the coding sequence of the reporter gene and the start codon of thenucleic acid residues encoding the first amino acid sequence are in thesame open reading frame.

In another embodiment, a cell is engineered to contain or comprise anucleic acid construct comprising a minigene, wherein the minigenecomprises, in 5′ to 3′ order: a start codon, nucleic acid residuesencoding a first amino acid sequence, the nucleic acid residues ofintron 6 of SMN or a fragment thereof, the nucleic acid residues of exon7 of SMN2, the nucleic acid residues of intron 7 of SMN or a fragmentthereof, nucleic acid residues encoding a second amino acid sequence,and the nucleic acid residues of the coding sequence of a reporter genelacking a start codon, wherein (i) either a single adenine, thymine orcytosine residue is inserted after nucleic acid residue 48 of thenucleic acid residues of exon 7 of SMN2, or a single nucleotide isinserted after nucleic acid residue 45, 46 or 47 of exon 7 of SMN2; (ii)the nucleic acid residues encoding the first and second amino acidsequences permit removal of an intron via mRNA splicing, and (iii) thefirst codon of the coding sequence of the reporter gene and the firststart codon of the minigene are in the same open reading frame.

Screening Assays Cell-Based Assays

Host cells transformed or transfected with a nucleic acid constructdescribed herein are used to identify or validate compounds thatmodulate inclusion of exon 7 of SMN2 into mRNA transcribed from the SMN2gene, and thus modulate the levels of SMN protein produced from the SMN2gene. In a specific embodiment, the host cells are stably transfectedwith a nucleic acid construct.

In one embodiment, the present invention includes a method for theidentification of a compound that modulates inclusion of exon 7 of SMN2into mRNA transcribed from the SMN2 gene comprising the steps of: (a)contacting a compound with a host cell containing a nucleic acidconstruct comprising a minigene, wherein the minigene comprises, in 5′to 3′ order: (i) the nucleic acid residues of exon 6 of SMN or afragment thereof, the nucleic acid residues of intron 6 of SMN or afragment thereof, the nucleic acid residues of exon 7 of SMN2 or afragment thereof, the nucleic acid residues of intron 7 of SMN or afragment thereof, and a fragment of the nucleic acid residues of exon 8of SMN, wherein either a single adenine, thymine or cytosine residue isinserted after nucleic acid residue 48 of exon 7 of SMN2, or a singlenucleotide is inserted after nucleic acid residue 45, 46, or 47 of exon7 of SMN2, and (ii) a reporter gene fused in frame to a fragment of thenucleic acid residues of exon 8 of SMN, wherein the reporter gene doesnot have a start codon; and (b) measuring the activity of a fusionprotein expressed from the minigene. In a specific embodiment, theminigene has a start codon added to the 5′ end of the nucleic acidresidues of exon 6 of SMN or a fragment thereof A change in the activityof the fusion protein expressed by host cell in the presence of thecompound compared to (i) a previously determined reference range; or(ii) the activity of the fusion protein expressed by the host cell inthe absence of the compound in such an assay; or (iii) the activity ofthe fusion protein expressed by host cell in the presence of a negativecontrol in such an assay indicates that a particular compound modulatesinclusion of exon 7 of SMN2 into mRNA transcribed from the SMN2 gene. Ina specific embodiment, the change in the activity of the fusion proteinis a significant alteration.

A compound that increases the inclusion of exon 7 of SMN2 into mRNAtranscribed from the SMN2 gene, and thus increases levels of SMN proteinproduced from the SMN2 gene, will result in an increase in the activityof a fusion protein expressed by the host cell compared (i) to theactivity of the fusion protein expressed by the host cell in the absenceof the compound, and/or compared (ii) to the activity of the fusionprotein expressed by the host cell in the presence of a negativecontrol, and/or (iii) a previously determined reference range for anegative control.

In contrast, a compound that does not increase the inclusion of exon 7of SMN2 into mRNA transcribed from the SMN2 gene will not significantlyalter the level of activity of the fusion protein expressed by the hostcell compared to (i) the level of activity of the fusion proteinexpressed by the host cell in the absence of the compound, (ii) thelevel of activity of fusion protein expressed by the host cell in thepresence of a negative control, and/or (iii) a previously determinedreference range for a negative control.

In some embodiments, in addition to, or as an alternative to, detectingthe activity of the fusion protein encoded by the minigene, the amountof the fusion protein can be detected. In accordance with suchembodiments, a change in the amount of the fusion protein expressed bythe host cell in the presence of the compound when compared to (i) apreviously determined reference range for a negative control, (ii) theamount of the fusion protein expressed by the host cell in the absenceof the compound in such an assay, and/or (iii) the amount of the fusionprotein expressed by the host cell in the presence of a negative controlin such an assay indicates that a particular compound modulatesinclusion of exon 7 of SMN2 into mRNA transcribed from the SMN2 gene. Ina specific embodiment, the change in the amount of the fusion protein isa significant alteration.

A compound that increases the inclusion of exon 7 of SMN2 into mRNAtranscribed from the SMN2 gene, and thus increases levels of SMN proteinproduced from the SMN2 gene, will result in an increase in the amount ofthe fusion protein expressed by the host cell compared to (i) the amountof the fusion protein when the host cell is not contacted with thecompound, (ii) compared with the amount of the fusion protein when thehost cell is contacted with a negative control, and/or (iii) apreviously determined reference range for a negative control.

In contrast, a compound that does not increase the inclusion of exon 7of SMN2 into mRNA transcribed from the SMN2 gene will not significantlyalter the amount of the fusion protein expressed by the host cellcompared to (i) the amount of the fusion protein expressed by the hostcell in the absence of the compound, (ii) the amount of fusion proteinexpressed by the host cell in the presence of a negative control, and/or(iii) a previously determined reference range for a negative control.

In another embodiment, an assay of the present invention includes amethod for the identification of a compound that increases the inclusionof exon 7 of SMN2 into mRNA transcribed from the SMN2 gene comprisingthe steps of: (a) contacting a compound with a host cell containing anucleic acid construct comprising a minigene, wherein the minigenecomprises, in 5′ to 3′ order: the nucleic acid residues of exon 6 ofSMN, the nucleic acid residues of intron 6 of SMN, the nucleic acidresidues of exon 7 of SMN2, the nucleic acid residues of intron 7 ofSMN, a fragment of exon 8 of SMN, and the nucleic acid residues of thecoding sequence of a reporter gene lacking a start codon, wherein eithera single adenine, thymine or cytosine residue is inserted after nucleicacid residue 48 of the nucleic acid residues of exon 7 of SMN2, or asingle nucleotide is inserted after nucleic acid residue 45, 46 or 47 ofexon 7 of SMN2; and (b) detecting the activity or amount of a fusionprotein encoded by the minigene, wherein an increase in the activity oramount of the fusion protein expressed by the host cell in the presenceof the compound relative to the activity or amount of the fusion proteinexpressed by the host cell in the absence of the compound or thepresence of a negative control compound, or relative to a previouslydetermined reference range indicates that the compound increases theinclusion of exon 7 of SMN2 into mRNA transcribed from the SMN2 gene. Inone aspect, the minigene comprises a start codon 5′ to the nucleic acidresidues of exon 6 of SMN, wherein the first codon of the codingsequence of the reporter gene and the start codon of the minigene are inthe same open reading frame.

In another embodiment, an assay of the present invention includes amethod for the identification of a compound that increases the inclusionof exon 7 of SMN2 into mRNA transcribed from the SMN2 gene comprisingthe steps of: (a) contacting a compound with a host cell containing anucleic acid construct comprising a minigene, wherein the minigenecomprises, in 5′ to 3′ order: the nucleic acid residues of exon 6 of SMNor a fragment thereof, the nucleic acid residues of intron 6 of SMN or afragment thereof, the nucleic acid residues of exon 7 of SMN2, thenucleic acid residues of intron 7 of SMN or a fragment thereof, afragment of exon 8 of SMN, and the nucleic acid residues of the codingsequence of a reporter gene lacking a start codon, wherein either asingle adenine, thymine or cytosine residue is inserted after nucleicacid residue 48 of the nucleic acid residues of exon 7 of SMN2, or asingle nucleotide is inserted after nucleic acid residue 45, 46 or 47 ofexon 7 of SMN2, and wherein the first start codon of the fragment of thenucleic acid residues of exon 6 of SMN and the first codon of the codingsequence of the reporter gene are in the same open reading frame; and(b) detecting the activity or amount of a fusion protein encoded by theminigene, wherein an increase in the activity or amount of the fusionprotein expressed by the host cell in the presence of the compoundrelative to the activity or amount of the fusion protein expressed bythe host cell in the absence of the compound or the presence of anegative control compound, or relative to a previously determinedreference range indicates that the compound increases the inclusion ofexon 7 of SMN2 into mRNA transcribed from the SMN2 gene.

In another embodiment, an assay of the present invention includes amethod for the identification of a compound that increases the inclusionof exon 7 of SMN2 into mRNA transcribed from the SMN2 gene comprisingthe steps of: (a) contacting a compound with a host cell containing anucleic acid construct comprising a minigene, wherein the minigenecomprises, in 5′ to 3′ order: a start codon, the nucleic acid residuesof exon 6 of SMN or a fragment thereof, the nucleic acid residues ofintron 6 of SMN or a fragment thereof, the nucleic acid residues of exon7 of SMN2, the nucleic acid residues of intron 7 of SMN or a fragmentthereof, a fragment of exon 8 of SMN, and the nucleic acid residues ofthe coding sequence of a reporter gene lacking a start codon, whereineither a single adenine, thymine or cytosine residue is inserted afternucleic acid residue 48 of the nucleic acid residues of exon 7 of SMN2,or a single nucleotide is inserted after nucleic acid residue 45, 46 or47 of exon 7 of SMN2, and wherein the first codon of the coding sequenceof the reporter gene and the first start codon of the minigene are inthe same open reading frame; and (b) detecting the activity or amount ofa fusion protein encoded by the minigene, wherein an increase in theactivity or amount of the fusion protein expressed by the host cell inthe presence of the compound relative to the activity or amount of thefusion protein expressed by the host cell in the absence of the compoundor the presence of a negative control compound, or relative to apreviously determined reference range indicates that the compoundincreases the inclusion of exon 7 of SMN2 into mRNA transcribed from theSMN2 gene.

In another embodiment, an assay of the present invention includes amethod for the identification of a compound that increases the inclusionof exon 7 of SMN2 into mRNA transcribed from the SMN2 gene comprisingthe steps of: (a) contacting a compound with a host cell containing anucleic acid construct comprising a minigene, wherein the minigenecomprises, in 5′ to 3′ order: nucleic acid residues encoding a firstamino acid sequence, the nucleic acid residues of intron 6 of SMN or afragment thereof, the nucleic acid residues of exon 7 of SMN2, thenucleic acid residues of intron 7 of SMN or a fragment thereof, nucleicacid residues encoding a second amino acid sequence, and the nucleicacid residues of the coding sequence of a reporter gene lacking a startcodon, wherein (i) either a single adenine, thymine or cytosine residueis inserted after nucleic acid residue 48 of the nucleic acid residuesof exon 7 of SMN2, or a single nucleotide is inserted after nucleic acidresidue 45, 46 or 47 of exon 7 of SMN2; (ii) the nucleic acid residuesencoding the first amino acid sequence include a start codon; (iii) thenucleic acid residues encoding the first and second amino acid sequencespermit removal of an intron via mRNA splicing, and (iv) the first codonof the coding sequence of the reporter gene and the start codon of thenucleic acid residues encoding the first amino acid sequence are in thesame open reading frame; and (b) detecting the activity or amount of afusion protein encoded by the minigene, wherein an increase in theactivity or amount of the fusion protein expressed by the host cell inthe presence of the compound relative to the activity or amount of thefusion protein expressed by the host cell in the absence of the compoundor the presence of a negative control compound, or relative to apreviously determined reference range indicates that the compoundincreases the inclusion of exon 7 of SMN2 into mRNA transcribed from theSMN2 gene.

In another embodiment, an assay of the present invention includes amethod for the identification of a compound that increases the inclusionof exon 7 of SMN2 into mRNA transcribed from the SMN2 gene comprisingthe steps of: (a) contacting a compound with a host cell containing anucleic acid construct comprising a minigene, wherein the minigenecomprises, in 5′ to 3′ order: a start codon, nucleic acid residuesencoding a first amino acid sequence, the nucleic acid residues ofintron 6 of SMN or a fragment thereof, the nucleic acid residues of exon7 of SMN2, the nucleic acid residues of intron 7 of SMN or a fragmentthereof, nucleic acid residues encoding a second amino acid sequence,and the nucleic acid residues of the coding sequence of a reporter genelacking a start codon, wherein (i) either a single adenine, thymine orcytosine residue is inserted after nucleic acid residue 48 of thenucleic acid residues of exon 7 of SMN2, or a single nucleotide isinserted after nucleic acid residue 45, 46 or 47 of exon 7 of SMN2; (ii)the nucleic acid residues encoding the first and second amino acidsequences permit removal of an intron via mRNA splicing, and (iii) thefirst codon of the coding sequence of the reporter gene and the firststart codon of the minigene are in the same open reading frame; and (b)detecting the activity or amount of a fusion protein encoded by theminigene, wherein an increase in the activity or amount of the fusionprotein expressed by the host cell in the presence of the compoundrelative to the activity or amount of the fusion protein expressed bythe host cell in the absence of the compound or the presence of anegative control compound, or relative to a previously determinedreference range indicates that the compound increases the inclusion ofexon 7 of SMN2 into mRNA transcribed from the SMN2 gene.

In some embodiments, in addition to, or as alternative to, detecting theamount and/or activity of the fusion protein, the amount of mRNAtranscript containing exon 7 of SMN2 or a fragment thereof transcribedfrom the minigene can be detected. In accordance with such embodiments,a change in the amount of the mRNA containing exon 7 of SMN2 or afragment thereof transcript transcribed from the minigene when the cellis contacted with the compound compared to a previously determinedreference range, the amount of mRNA transcript containing exon 7 of SMN2or a fragment thereof transcribed from the minigene when the host cellis not contacted with the compound, and/or the amount of mRNA transcriptcontaining exon 7 of SMN2 or a fragment thereof transcribed from theminigene when the host cell is contacted with a negative control. In aspecific embodiment, the change in the amount of mRNA transcriptcontaining exon 7 of SMN2 or a fragment thereof is a significantalteration. A compound that increases the inclusion of the complete,intact, non-truncated sequence of exon 7 of SMN2 into mRNA transcribedfrom the SMN2 gene will have an increased amount of mRNA transcriptcontaining exon 7 of SMN2 or a fragment thereof transcribed from theminigene when compared to a previously determined reference range for anegative control, the amount of mRNA transcript containing exon 7 ofSMN2 or a fragment thereof transcribed from the minigene when the hostcell is not contacted with the compound, and/or the amount of mRNAtranscript containing exon 7 of SMN2 or a fragment thereof transcribedfrom the minigene when the host cell is contacted with a negativecontrol. In contrast, a compound that does not increase the inclusion ofexon 7 of SMN2 into mRNA transcribed from the SMN2 gene will notsignificantly alter the amount of mRNA transcript containing exon 7 ofSMN2 or a fragment thereof transcribed from the minigene compared to theamount of mRNA transcript containing exon 7 of SMN2 or a fragmentthereof transcribed from the minigene when the host cell is notcontacted with the compound, the amount of mRNA transcript containingexon 7 of SMN2 or a fragment thereof transcribed from the minigene whenthe host cell is contacted with a negative control and/or a previouslydetermined reference range for a negative control.

In one specific embodiment, a negative control (e.g., DMSO at 0.5-1.0%,or PBS, or another agent that is known to have no effect on theexpression of the reporter gene) and a positive control (e.g., an agentthat modulates exon 7 splicing of SMN2) are included in the cell-basedassays described herein.

In certain embodiments, to generate a positive control construct, thosenucleic acid constructs described herein which recite the insertion of asingle adenine, thymine, or cytosine residue after nucleic acid residue48 of the nucleic acid residues of exon 7 of SMN2, or the insertion of asingle nucleotide after nucleic acid residue 45, 46, or 47 of thenucleic acid residues of exon 7 of SMN2, use the nucleic acid residuesof exon 7 of SMN1 in place of the nucleic acid residues of exon 7 ofSMN2. In one specific embodiment, a nucleic acid construct may be usedas a positive control for the cell-based assays described herein,wherein the method for validating that a compound modulates theinclusion of exon 7 of SMN2 into mRNA transcribed from the SMN2 genecomprises contacting the compound with a host cell containing a positivecontrol nucleic acid construct comprising a minigene, wherein theminigene comprises, in 5′ to 3′ order: (i) the nucleic acid residues ofexon 6 of SMN or a fragment thereof, the nucleic acid residues of intron6 of SMN or a fragment thereof, the nucleic acid residues of exon 7 ofSMN1 or a fragment thereof, the nucleic acid residues of intron 7 of SMNor a fragment thereof, and a fragment of the nucleic acid residues ofexon 8 of SMN, wherein either a single adenine, thymine or cytosineresidue is inserted after nucleic acid residue 48 of exon 7 of SMN1, ora single nucleotide is inserted after nucleic acid residue 45, 46 or 47of exon 7 of SMN1; and (ii) a reporter gene fused in frame to thenucleic acid residues of exon 8 of SMN or a fragment thereof, whereinthe reporter gene does not have a start codon. In a specific embodiment,the minigene has a start codon added to the 5′ end of exon 6 of SMN or afragment thereof. The mRNA transcript transcribed from the minigene willcontain, in part, the complete, intact, non-truncated sequence of exon 7of SMN1 regardless of whether or not the host cell is contacted with acompound. Thus, the fusion protein encoded by the minigene will bedetectable in the presence or absence of a compound.

In another specific embodiment, a nucleic acid construct may be used asa positive control for the cell-based assays described herein, whereinthe method for validating that a compound modulates the inclusion ofexon 7 of SMN2 into mRNA transcribed from the SMN2 gene comprisescontacting the compound with a host cell containing a positive controlnucleic acid construct comprising a minigene, wherein the minigenecomprises, in 5′ to 3′ order: a start codon, the nucleic acid residuesof exon 6 SMN, the nucleic acid residues of intron 6 of SMN, the nucleicacid residues of exon 7 of SMN1, the nucleic acid residues of intron 7of SMN, a fragment of exon 8 of SMN, and the nucleic acid residues ofthe coding sequence of a reporter gene lacking a start codon, whereineither a single adenine, thymine or cytosine residue is inserted afternucleic acid residue 48 of the nucleic acid residues of exon 7 of SMN1,or a single nucleotide is inserted after nucleic acid residue 45, 46 or47 of exon 7 of SMN1, and wherein the first codon of the coding sequenceof the reporter gene and the start codon of the minigene are in the sameopen reading frame.

In certain embodiments, to generate a negative control construct, asingle guanine is inserted after nucleic acid residue 48 of the nucleicacid residues of exon 7 of SMN2 in a nucleic acid construct describedherein as opposed to the insertion of a single adenine, thymine, orcytosine residue inserted after nucleic acid residue 48 of the nucleicacid residues of exon 7 of SMN2 or a single nucleotide inserted afternucleic residue 45, 46, or 47 of the nucleic acid residues of exon 7 ofSMN2. In one specific embodiment, a nucleic acid construct may be usedas a negative control for the cell-based assays described herein,wherein the method for validating that a compound modulates theinclusion of exon 7 of SMN2 into mRNA transcribed from the SMN2 genecomprises contacting the compound with a host cell containing a negativecontrol nucleic acid construct comprising a minigene, wherein theminigene comprises, in 5′ to 3′ order: (i) the nucleic acid residues ofexon 6 of SMN or a fragment thereof, the nucleic acid residues of intron6 of SMN or a fragment thereof, the nucleic acid residues of exon 7 ofSMN2 or a fragment thereof, the nucleic acid residues of intron 7 or afragment thereof, and a fragment of the nucleic acid residues of exon 8of SMN, wherein a guanine is inserted after nucleic acid residue 48 ofexon 7 of SMN2, and (ii) a reporter gene fused in frame to the nucleicacid residues of exon 8 of SMN or a fragment thereof, wherein thereporter gene does not have a start codon. In a specific embodiment, theminigene has a start codon added to the 5′ end of the nucleic acidresidues of exon 6 of SMN or a fragment thereof. This host cell can beused as a negative control to exclude compounds that do not increase theinclusion of exon 7 of SMN2 into mRNA transcribed from the SMN2 gene.

In another specific embodiment, a nucleic acid construct may be used asa negative control for the cell-based assays described herein, whereinthe method for validating that a compound modulates the inclusion ofexon 7 of SMN2 into mRNA transcribed from the SMN2 gene comprisescontacting the compound with a host cell containing a negative controlnucleic acid construct comprising a minigene, wherein the minigenecomprises, in 5′ to 3′ order: a start codon, the nucleic acid residuesof exon 6 of SMN, the nucleic acid residues of intron 6 of SMN, thenucleic acid residues of exon 7 of SMN2, the nucleic acid residues ofintron 7 of SMN, a fragment of exon 8 of SMN, and the nucleic acidresidues of the coding sequence of a reporter gene lacking a startcodon, wherein a guanine is inserted after nucleic acid residue 48 ofexon 7 of SMN2, and wherein the first codon of the coding sequence ofthe reporter gene and the start codon of the minigene are in the sameopen reading frame.

In a specific embodiment, the host cell used as a negative control in acell-based assay contains a nucleic acid construct comprising aminigene, wherein the minigene comprises, in 5′ to 3′ order: (i) a startcodon, the nucleic acid residues of exon 6 of SMN2, the nucleic acidresidues of intron 6 of SMN2, the nucleic acid residues of exon 7 ofSMN2, the nucleic acid residues of intron 7 of SMN2, and the first 23nucleic acid residues of exon 8 of SMN2, wherein a guanine is insertedafter nucleic acid residue 48 of exon 7 of SMN2, and (ii) a reportergene (e.g., luciferase reporter gene) fused in frame to the 23 nucleicacid residues of exon 8 of SMN or a fragment thereof, wherein thereporter gene does not have a start codon.

In certain embodiments, the host cell used as a negative control in acell-based assay contains a nucleic acid construct comprising aminigene, wherein the minigene comprises, in 5′ to 3′ order: (i) thenucleic acid residues of exon 6 of SMN2, the nucleic acid residues ofintron 6 of SMN2, the nucleic acid residues of exon 7 of SMN2, thenucleic acid residues of intron 7 of SMN2, and the first 21 nucleic acidresidues of exon 8 of SMN2, wherein a guanine is inserted after nucleicacid residue 48 of exon 7 of SMN2, and (ii) a reporter gene (e.g., aluciferase reporter gene) fused in frame to the 21 nucleic acid residuesof exon 8 of SMN, wherein the reporter gene does not have a start codon.

The step of contacting a compound with a host cell containing thenucleic acid construct may be conducted under conditions approximatingor mimicking physiologic conditions. In a specific embodiment, acompound is added to the cells in the presence of an appropriate growthmedium for said cells. In another embodiment, a compound is added to thecells in the presence of an aqueous solution. In accordance with thisembodiment, the aqueous solution may comprise a buffer and a combinationof salts, preferably approximating or mimicking physiologic conditions.Alternatively, the aqueous solution may comprise a buffer, a combinationof salts, and a detergent or a surfactant. Examples of salts which maybe used in the aqueous solution include, but not limited to, KCl, NaCl,and/or MgCl₂. The optimal concentration of each salt used in the aqueoussolution is dependent on the host cells and compounds used and can bedetermined using routine experimentation.

A compound is contacted with a host cell containing the nucleic acidconstruct for a specific period of time. For example, the compound maybe contacted with the host cell containing the nucleic acid constructfor a time period of about 1 minute, 2 minutes, 3 minutes, 4, minutes,5, minutes, 10 minutes, 15 minutes, 20 minutes, 30 minutes, 1 hour, 2hours, 3 hours, 4 hours, 5 hours, 10 hours, 15 hours, 20 hours, 1 day, 2days, 3 days, 4 days, 5 days, or 1 week. In a specific embodiment,contact is over a time period of about 12 hours to about 15 hours, orabout 14 hours to about 18 hours, i.e., overnight.

In one embodiment, a method for identifying a compound that modulatesinclusion of exon 7 of SMN2 into mRNA transcribed from the SMN2 genecomprises the steps of: (a) expressing in a host cell a nucleic acidconstruct comprising a minigene,

wherein the minigene comprises, in 5′ to 3′ order: (i) the nucleic acidresidues of exon 6 of SMN or a fragment thereof, the nucleic acidresidues of intron 6 of SMN or a fragment thereof, the nucleic acidresidues of exon 7 of SMN2 or a fragment thereof, the nucleic acidresidues of intron 7 of SMN or a fragment thereof, and a fragment of thenucleic acid residues of exon 8 of SMN, wherein either a single adenine,thymine or cytosine residue is inserted after nucleic acid residue 48 ofexon 7 of SMN2, or a single nucleotide is inserted after nucleic acidresidue 45, 46 or 47 of exon 7 of SMN2, and

(ii) a reporter gene fused in frame to the nucleic acid residues of exon8 of SMN or a fragment thereof, wherein the reporter gene does not havea start codon; (b) contacting said host cell with a compound; and (c)detecting the activity of the fusion protein encoded by the minigene,wherein a compound that modulates inclusion of exon 7 of SMN2 into mRNAtranscribed from the SMN2 gene is identified if the activity of thefusion protein expressed by the host cell in the presence of a compoundis altered relative to a previously determined reference range, orrelative to the activity of the fusion protein expressed by the hostcell in the absence of said compound or the presence of a negativecontrol (e.g., PBS or DMSO). In a specific embodiment, the alteration inthe activity of the fusion protein is a significant alteration.

In some embodiments, in addition to, or as an alternative to, detectingthe activity of the fusion protein, the amount of the fusion protein canbe detected. In accordance with such embodiments, a compound thatmodulates inclusion of exon 7 of SMN2 into mRNA transcribed from SMN2gene is identified if the amount of the fusion protein expressed by thehost cell in the presence of a compound is altered relative to apreviously determined reference range, or relative to the amount of thefusion protein expressed by the host cell in the absence of the compoundor the presence of a negative control.

In accordance with the foregoing embodiments, a previously determinedreference range would be the amount and/or activity of the fusionprotein obtained for a negative control. In a specific embodiment, theminigene has a start codon added to the 5′ end of exon 6 of SMN or afragment thereof.

In some embodiments, in addition to, or as an alternative to, detectingthe amount and/or activity of the fusion protein, the amount of mRNAcontaining exon 7 of SMN2 or a fragment thereof transcribed from theminigene can be detected. In accordance with such embodiments, acompound that modulates inclusion of exon 7 of SMN2 into mRNAtranscribed from the SMN2 gene is identified if the compound alters theamount of a mRNA transcript containing exon 7 of SMN2 or a fragmentthereof transcribed from the minigene relative to a previouslydetermined reference range or the amount of such a mRNA transcriptcontaining exon 7 of SMN2 or a fragment thereof in the absence of thecompound or the presence of a negative control.

In a specific embodiment, the present invention includes a method foridentifying a compound that increases the inclusion of exon 7 of SMN2into mRNA transcribed from the SMN2 gene comprising the steps of: (a)contacting a compound with a host cell expressing a nucleic acidconstruct comprising a minigene, wherein the minigene comprises, in 5′to 3′ order: (i) the nucleic acid residues of exon 6 of SMN or afragment thereof, the nucleic acid residues of intron 6 of SMN or afragment thereof, the nucleic acid residues of exon 7 of SMN2 or afragment thereof, the nucleic acid residues of intron 7 of SMN or afragment thereof, and a fragment of the nucleic acid residues of exon 8of SMN, wherein either a single adenine, thymine or cytosine residue isinserted after nucleic acid residue 48 of exon 7 of SMN2, or a singlenucleotide is inserted after nucleic acid residue 45, 46, or 47 of exon7 of SMN2, and (ii) a reporter gene fused in frame to the nucleic acidresidues of exon 8 of SMN or a fragment thereof, wherein the reportergene does not have a start codon; and (b) detecting the amount oractivity of the fusion protein encoded by the minigene, wherein acompound that increases the inclusion of exon 7 of SMN2 into mRNAtranscribed from the SMN2 gene is identified if the amount or activityof the fusion protein expressed by the host cell in the presence of thecompound is increased relative to a previously determined referencerange, or relative to the amount or activity of the fusion protein whenthe host cell is not contacted with the compound, or relative to theactivity of the fusion protein when the host cell is contacted with anegative control (e.g., PBS or DMSO). In a specific embodiment, theminigene has a start codon added to the 5′ end of exon 6 of SMN or afragment thereof. In accordance with these embodiments, a previouslydetermined reference range would be the amount or activity obtained fora negative control. In some embodiments, both the amount and activity ofthe fusion protein are detected.

In some embodiments, the present invention includes a method foridentifying a compound that increases the inclusion of exon 7 of SMN2into mRNA transcribed from the SMN2 gene comprising the steps of: (a)contacting a compound with a host cell expressing a nucleic acidconstruct comprising a minigene, wherein the minigene comprises, in 5′to 3′ order: (i) the nucleic acid residues of exon 6 of SMN or afragment thereof, the nucleic acid residues of intron 6 of SMN or afragment thereof, the nucleic acid residues of exon 7 of SMN2 or afragment thereof, and the nucleic acid residues of intron 7 of SMN or afragment thereof, and a fragment of the nucleic acid residues of exon 8of SMN, wherein either a single adenine, thymine or cytosine residue isinserted after nucleic acid residue 48 of exon 7 of SMN2, or a singlenucleotide is inserted after nucleic acid residue 45, 46 or 47 or exon 7of SMN2, and (ii) a reporter gene fused in frame to the nucleic acidresidues of exon 8 of SMN or a fragment thereof,

wherein the reporter gene does not have a start codon; and (b) detectingthe amount or activity of the fusion protein encoded by the minigene,wherein a compound that increases the inclusion of exon 7 of SMN2 intomRNA transcribed from the SMN2 gene is identified if the amount oractivity of the fusion protein when the host cell is contacted with thecompound is greater than the amount or activity of the fusion proteinobtained when a negative control is contacted with the host cell, and/orequivalent or not significantly lower (e.g., not less than 25%, 15%, 10%or 5% lower) than the amount or activity of the fusion protein obtainedwhen a positive control is contacted with the host cell. In a specificembodiment, the minigene has a start codon added to the 5′ end of thenucleic acid residues of exon 6 of SMN or a fragment thereof. In someembodiments, both the amount and activity of the fusion protein aredetected.

In a specific embodiment, the present invention includes a method foridentifying a compound that increases the inclusion of exon 7 of SMN2into mRNA transcribed from the SMN2 gene comprising the steps of: (a)contacting a compound with a host cell expressing a nucleic acidconstruct comprising a minigene, wherein the minigene comprises, in 5′to 3′ order: (i) a start codon, the nucleic acid residues of exon 6 ofSMN, the nucleic acid residues of intron 6 of SMN, the nucleic acidresidues of exon 7 of SMN2, the nucleic acid residues of intron 7 of SMNand the first 23 nucleic acid residues of exon 8 of SMN, wherein asingle adenine, thymine or cytosine residue is inserted after nucleicacid residue 48 of exon 7 of SMN2, and (ii) a luciferase reporter genefused in frame to the 23 nucleic acid residues of exon 8 of SMN, whereinthe luciferase reporter gene does not have a start codon; and (b)detecting the luciferase reporter activity, wherein a compound thatincreases the inclusion of exon 7 of SMN2 into mRNA transcribed from theSMN2 gene is identified if the luciferase reporter activity expressed bythe host cell in the presence of a compound is increased relative toactivity of the luciferase expressed by the host cell in the presence of0.5%-1% DMSO.

In certain embodiments, the present invention includes a method foridentifying a compound that increases the inclusion of exon 7 of SMN2into mRNA transcribed from the SMN2 gene comprising the steps of: (a)contacting a compound with a host cell expressing a nucleic acidconstruct comprising a minigene, wherein the minigene comprises, in 5′to 3′ order: (i) the nucleic acid residues of exon 6 of SMN, the nucleicacid residues of intron 6 of SMN, the nucleic acid residues of exon 7 ofSMN2, the nucleic acid residues of intron 7 of SMN and the first 21nucleic acid residues of exon 8 of SMN, wherein a single adenine,thymine or cytosine residue is inserted after nucleic acid residue 48 ofexon 7 of SMN2, and (ii) a luciferase reporter gene fused in frame tothe 21 nucleic acid residues of exon 8 of SMN, wherein the luciferasereporter gene does not have a start codon; and (b) detecting theluciferase reporter activity, wherein a compound that increases theinclusion of exon 7 of SMN2 into mRNA transcribed from the SMN2 gene isidentified if the luciferase reporter activity in the presence of acompound is increased relative to the activity of the luciferasereporter gene in the presence of 0.5%-1% DMSO.

In another embodiment, the present invention includes a method foridentifying and validating a compound that modulates inclusion of exon 7of SMN2 into mRNA transcribed from the SMN2 gene comprising the stepsof: (a) contacting a first concentration of a compound with a first hostcell containing a first nucleic acid construct comprising a firstminigene which comprises, in 5′ to 3′ order: (i) the nucleic acidresidues of exon 6 of SMN or a fragment thereof, the nucleic acidresidues of intron 6 of SMN or a fragment thereof, the nucleic acidresidues of exon 7 of SMN2 or a fragment thereof, the nucleic acidresidues of intron 7 of SMN or a fragment thereof, and a fragment of thenucleic acid residues of exon 8 of SMN, wherein either a single adenine,thymine or cytosine residue is inserted after nucleic acid residue 48 ofexon 7 of SMN2, or a single nucleotide is inserted after nucleic acidresidue 45, 46, or 47 of exon 7 of SMN2, and (ii) a first reporter genefused in frame to the nucleic acid residues of exon 8 of SMN or afragment thereof, wherein the first reporter gene does not have a startcodon; (b) detecting the amount or activity of a first fusion proteinencoded by the first minigene; and (c) comparing the amount or activityof the first fusion protein expressed by the first host cell with theamount or activity of a second fusion protein expressed by a second hostcell contacted with a second concentration of the compound, wherein saidfirst and second concentrations are stoichiometrically equivalent, and,wherein the second host cell contains a second nucleic acid constructcomprising a second minigene which comprises, in 5′ to 3′ order: (i) thenucleic acid residues of exon 6 of SMN or a fragment thereof, thenucleic acid residues of intron 6 of SMN or a fragment thereof, thenucleic acid residues of exon 7 of SMN2 or a fragment thereof, thenucleic acid residues of intron 7 of SMN or a fragment thereof, and afragment of the nucleic acid residues of exon 8 of SMN, wherein a singleguanine residue is inserted after nucleic acid residue 48 of exon 7 ofSMN2, and (ii) a second reporter gene fused in frame to the nucleic acidresidues of exon 8 of SMN or a fragment thereof, wherein the secondreporter gene does not have a start codon, and wherein a compound thatmodulates inclusion of exon 7 of SMN2 into mRNA transcribed from theSMN2 gene is identified and validated if the amount or the activity ofthe first fusion protein expressed by the first host cell is altered inthe presence of the compound relative to the amount or the activity ofthe first fusion protein expressed by the first host cell in the absenceof the compound or the presence of a negative control, and the amount orthe activity of the second fusion protein expressed by the second hostcell is not significantly altered in the presence of the compoundrelative to the amount or activity of the second fusion proteinexpressed by the second host cell in the absence of compound or thepresence of a negative control. In a specific embodiment, the first andsecond minigenes have a start codon added to the 5′ end of exon 6 of SMNor a fragment thereof. In a specific embodiment, the alteration in theamount or activity of the first fusion protein is a significantalteration. In certain embodiments, the fragment of exon 8 of SMN of thesecond minigene is composed of more or less than the first 21nucleotides of exon 8 of SMN.

In another embodiment, an assay of the present invention includes amethod for the identification and/or validation of a compound thatincreases the inclusion of exon 7 of SMN2 into mRNA transcribed from theSMN2 gene comprising the steps of:

(a) contacting a first concentration of a compound with a first hostcell containing a first nucleic acid construct which comprises a firstminigene, wherein the first minigene comprises, in 5′ to 3′ order: thenucleic acid residues of exon 6 of SMN, the nucleic acid residues ofintron 6 of SMN, the nucleic acid residues of exon 7 of SMN2, thenucleic acid residues of intron 7 of SMN, a fragment of exon 8 of SMN,and the nucleic acid residues of the coding sequence of a first reportergene lacking a start codon, wherein either a single adenine, thymine orcytosine residue is inserted after nucleic acid residue 48 of thenucleic acid residues of exon 7 of SMN2, or a single nucleotide isinserted after nucleic acid residue 45, 46 or 47 of exon 7 of SMN2; (b)detecting the activity or amount of a first fusion protein encoded bythe first minigene; and (c) comparing the activity or amount of thefirst fusion protein with the activity or amount of a second fusionprotein expressed by a second host cell contacted with a secondconcentration of the compound, wherein the first and secondconcentrations of the compound are equivalent, and wherein the secondhost cell contains a second nucleic acid construct comprising a secondminigene encoding the second fusion protein which comprises, in 5′ to 3′order: the nucleic acid residues of exon 6 of SMN, the nucleic acidresidues of intron 6 of SMN, the nucleic acid residues of exon 7 ofSMN2, the nucleic acid residues of intron 7 of SMN, a fragment of exon 8of SMN, and the nucleic acid residues of the coding sequence of a secondreporter gene lacking a start codon, wherein a single guanine residue isinserted after nucleic acid residue 48 of exon 7 of SMN2; wherein acompound that increases the inclusion of exon 7 of SMN2 into mRNAtranscribed from the SMN2 gene is identified and/or validated if theactivity or amount of the first fusion protein expressed by the firsthost cell is increased in the presence of the compound relative to theactivity or amount of the first fusion protein expressed by the firsthost cell in the absence of the compound or the presence of a negativecontrol (e.g., PBS or DMSO), and the activity or amount of the secondfusion protein expressed by the second host cell is not significantlyaltered in the presence of the compound relative to the absence of thecompound or the presence of a negative control (e.g., PBS or DMSO). Inone aspect, the first and second minigenes each comprise a start codon5′ to the nucleic acid residues of exon 6 of SMN, wherein the firstcodon of the coding sequence of the first reporter gene and the startcodon of the first minigene are in the same open reading frame, andwherein the first codon of the coding sequence of the second reportergene and the start codon of the second minigene are in the same openreading frame.

In another embodiment, an assay of the present invention includes amethod for the identification and/or validation of a compound thatincreases the inclusion of exon 7 of SMN2 into mRNA transcribed from theSMN2 gene comprising the steps of: (a) contacting a first concentrationof a compound with a first host cell containing a first nucleic acidconstruct which comprises a first minigene, wherein the first minigenecomprises, in 5′ to 3′ order: the nucleic acid residues of exon 6 of SMNor a fragment thereof, the nucleic acid residues of intron 6 of SMN or afragment thereof, the nucleic acid residues of exon 7 of SMN2, thenucleic acid residues of intron 7 of SMN or a fragment thereof, afragment of exon 8 of SMN, and the nucleic acid residues of the codingsequence of a first reporter gene lacking a start codon, wherein eithera single adenine, thymine or cytosine residue is inserted after nucleicacid residue 48 of the nucleic acid residues of exon 7 of SMN2, or asingle nucleotide is inserted after nucleic acid residue 45, 46 or 47 ofexon 7 of SMN2, and wherein the first codon of the coding sequence ofthe first reporter gene and the first start codon of the nucleic acidresidues of exon 6 of SMN or a fragment thereof of the first minigeneare in the same open reading frame; (b) detecting the activity or amountof a first fusion protein encoded by the first minigene; and (c)comparing the activity or amount of the first fusion protein with theactivity or amount of a second fusion protein expressed by a second hostcell contacted with a second concentration of the compound, wherein thefirst and second concentrations of the compound are equivalent, andwherein the second host cell contains a second nucleic acid constructcomprising a second minigene encoding the second fusion protein whichcomprises, in 5′ to 3′ order: the nucleic acid residues of exon 6 of SMNor a fragment thereof, the nucleic acid residues of intron 6 of SMN or afragment thereof, the nucleic acid residues of exon 7 of SMN2, thenucleic acid residues of intron 7 of SMN or a fragment thereof, afragment of exon 8 of SMN, and the nucleic acid residues of the codingsequence of a second reporter gene lacking a start codon, wherein asingle guanine residue is inserted after nucleic acid residue 48 of exon7 of SMN2, and wherein the first codon of the coding sequence of thesecond reporter gene and the first start codon of the nucleic acidresidues of exon 6 of SMN or a fragment thereof of the second minigeneare in the same open reading frame; wherein a compound that increasesthe inclusion of exon 7 of SMN2 into mRNA transcribed from the SMN2 geneis identified and/or validated if the activity or amount of the firstfusion protein expressed by the first host cell is increased in thepresence of the compound relative to the activity or amount of the firstfusion protein expressed by the first host cell in the absence of thecompound or the presence of a negative control (e.g., PBS or DMSO), andthe activity or amount of the second fusion protein expressed by thesecond host cell is not significantly altered in the presence of thecompound relative to the absence of the compound or the presence of anegative control (e.g., PBS or DMSO).

In another embodiment, an assay of the present invention includes amethod for the identification and/or validation of a compound thatincreases the inclusion of exon 7 of SMN2 into mRNA transcribed from theSMN2 gene comprising the steps of: (a) contacting a first concentrationof a compound with a first host cell containing a first nucleic acidconstruct which comprises a first minigene, wherein the first minigenecomprises, in 5′ to 3′ order: a start codon, the nucleic acid residuesof exon 6 of SMN or a fragment thereof, the nucleic acid residues ofintron 6 of SMN or a fragment thereof, the nucleic acid residues of exon7 of SMN2, the nucleic acid residues of intron 7 of SMN or a fragmentthereof, a fragment of exon 8 of SMN, and the nucleic acid residues ofthe coding sequence of a first reporter gene lacking a start codon,wherein either a single adenine, thymine or cytosine residue is insertedafter nucleic acid residue 48 of the nucleic acid residues of exon 7 ofSMN2, or a single nucleotide is inserted after nucleic acid residue 45,46 or 47 of exon 7 of SMN2, and wherein the first codon of the codingsequence of the first reporter gene and the first start codon of thefirst minigene are in the same open reading frame; (b) detecting theactivity or amount of a first fusion protein encoded by the firstminigene; and (c) comparing the activity or amount of the first fusionprotein with the activity or amount of a second fusion protein expressedby a second host cell contacted with a second concentration of thecompound, wherein the first and second concentrations of the compoundare equivalent, and wherein the second host cell contains a secondnucleic acid construct comprising a second minigene encoding the secondfusion protein which comprises, in 5′ to 3′ order: a start codon, thenucleic acid residues of exon 6 of SMN or a fragment thereof, thenucleic acid residues of intron 6 of SMN or a fragment thereof, thenucleic acid residues of exon 7 of SMN2, the nucleic acid residues ofintron 7 of SMN or a fragment thereof, a fragment of exon 8 of SMN, andthe nucleic acid residues of the coding sequence of a second reportergene lacking a start codon, wherein a single guanine residue is insertedafter nucleic acid residue 48 of the nucleic acid residues of exon 7 ofSMN2, and wherein the first codon of the coding sequence of the secondreporter gene and the first start codon of the second minigene are inthe same open reading frame; wherein a compound that increases theinclusion of exon 7 of SMN2 into mRNA transcribed from the SMN2 gene isidentified and/or validated if the activity or amount of the firstfusion protein expressed by the first host cell is increased in thepresence of the compound relative to the activity or amount of the firstfusion protein expressed by the first host cell in the absence of thecompound or the presence of a negative control (e.g., PBS or DMSO), andthe activity or amount of the second fusion protein expressed by thesecond host cell is not significantly altered in the presence of thecompound relative to the absence of the compound or the presence of anegative control (e.g., PBS or DMSO).

In another embodiment, an assay of the present invention includes amethod for the identification and/or validation of a compound thatincreases the inclusion of exon 7 of SMN2 into mRNA transcribed from theSMN2 gene comprising the steps of: (a) contacting a first concentrationof a compound with a first host cell containing a first nucleic acidconstruct which comprises a first minigene, wherein the first minigenecomprises, in 5′ to 3′ order: nucleic acid residues encoding a firstamino acid sequence, the nucleic acid residues of intron 6 of SMN or afragment thereof, the nucleic acid residues of exon 7 of SMN2, thenucleic acid residues of intron 7 of SMN or a fragment thereof, nucleicacid residues encoding a second amino acid sequence, and the nucleicacid residues of the coding sequence of a first reporter gene lacking astart codon, wherein (i) either a single adenine, thymine or cytosineresidue is inserted after nucleic acid residue 48 of the nucleic acidresidues of exon 7 of SMN2, or a single nucleotide is inserted afternucleic acid residue 45, 46 or 47 of exon 7 of SMN2; (ii) the nucleicacid residues encoding the first amino acid sequence include a startcodon; (iii) the nucleic acid residues encoding the first and secondamino acid sequences permit removal of an intron via mRNA splicing, and(iv) the first codon of the coding sequence of the first reporter geneand the first start codon of the first amino acid sequence are in thesame open reading frame; (b) detecting the activity or amount of a firstfusion protein encoded by the first minigene; and (c) comparing theactivity or amount of the first fusion protein with the activity oramount of a second fusion protein expressed by a second host cellcontacted with a second concentration of the compound, wherein the firstand second concentrations of the compound are equivalent, and whereinsecond host cell contains a second nucleic acid construct comprising asecond minigene encoding the second fusion protein which comprises, in5′ to 3′ order: nucleic acid residues encoding a third amino acidsequence, the nucleic acid residues of intron 6 of SMN or a fragmentthereof, the nucleic acid residues of exon 7 of SMN2, the nucleic acidresidues of intron 7 of SMN or a fragment thereof, nucleic acid residuesencoding a fourth amino acid sequence, and the nucleic acid residues ofthe coding sequence of a second reporter gene lacking a start codon,wherein (i) a single guanine residue is inserted after nucleic acidresidue 48 of the nucleic acid residues of exon 7 of SMN2; (ii) thenucleic acid residues encoding the third amino acid sequence include astart codon; (iii) the nucleic acid residues encoding the third andfourth amino acid sequences permit removal of an intron via mRNAsplicing, and (iv) the first codon of the coding sequence of the secondreporter gene and the first start codon of the third amino acid sequenceare in the same open reading frame; wherein a compound that increasesthe inclusion of exon 7 of SMN2 into mRNA transcribed from the SMN2 geneis identified and/or validated if the activity or amount of the firstfusion protein expressed by the first host cell is increased in thepresence of the compound relative to the activity or amount of the firstfusion protein expressed by the first host cell in the absence of thecompound or the presence of a negative control (e.g., PBS or DMSO), andthe activity or amount of the second fusion protein expressed by thesecond host cell is not significantly altered in the presence of thecompound relative to the absence of the compound or the presence of anegative control (e.g., PBS or DMSO).

In another embodiment, an assay of the present invention includes amethod for the identification and/or validation of a compound thatincreases the inclusion of exon 7 of SMN2 into mRNA transcribed from theSMN2 gene comprising the steps of: (a) contacting a first concentrationof a compound with a first host cell containing a first nucleic acidconstruct which comprises a first minigene, wherein the first minigenecomprises, in 5′ to 3′ order: a start codon, nucleic acid residuesencoding a first amino acid sequence, the nucleic acid residues ofintron 6 of SMN or a fragment thereof, the nucleic acid residues of exon7 of SMN2, the nucleic acid residues of intron 7 of SMN or a fragmentthereof, nucleic acid residues encoding a second amino acid sequence,and the nucleic acid residues of the coding sequence of a first reportergene lacking a start codon, wherein (i) either a single adenine, thymineor cytosine residue is inserted after nucleic acid residue 48 of thenucleic acid residues of exon 7 of SMN2, or a single nucleotide isinserted after nucleic acid residue 45, 46 or 47 of exon 7 of SMN2; (ii)the nucleic acid residues encoding the first and second amino acidsequences permit removal of an intron via mRNA splicing, and (iii) thefirst codon of the coding sequence of the first reporter gene and thefirst start codon of the first minigene are in the same open readingframe; (b) detecting the activity or amount of a first fusion proteinencoded by the first minigene; and (c) comparing the activity or amountof the first fusion protein with the activity or amount of a secondfusion protein expressed by a second host cell contacted with a secondconcentration of the compound, wherein the first and secondconcentrations of the compound are equivalent, and wherein the secondhost cell contains a second nucleic acid construct comprising a secondminigene encoding the second fusion protein which comprises, in 5′ to 3′order: a start codon, nucleic acid residues encoding a third amino acidsequence, the nucleic acid residues of intron 6 of SMN or a fragmentthereof, the nucleic acid residues of exon 7 of SMN2, the nucleic acidresidues of intron 7 of SMN or a fragment thereof, nucleic acid residuesencoding a fourth amino acid sequence, and the nucleic acid residues ofthe coding sequence of a second reporter gene lacking a start codon,wherein (i) a single guanine residue is inserted after nucleic acidresidue 48 of the nucleic acid residues of exon 7 of SMN2; (ii) thenucleic acid residues encoding the third and fourth amino acid sequencespermit removal of an intron via mRNA splicing, and (iii) the first codonof the coding sequence of the second reporter gene and the start codonof the second minigene are in the same open reading frame; wherein acompound that increases the inclusion of exon 7 of SMN2 into mRNAtranscribed from the SMN2 gene is identified and/or validated if theactivity or amount of the first fusion protein expressed by the firsthost cell is increased in the presence of the compound relative to theactivity or amount of the first fusion protein expressed by the firsthost cell in the absence of the compound or the presence of a negativecontrol (e.g., PBS or DMSO), and the activity or amount of the secondfusion protein expressed by the second host cell is not significantlyaltered in the presence of the compound relative to the absence of thecompound or the presence of a negative control (e.g., PBS or DMSO).

In a specific embodiment, the first cell and the second cell are thesame cell type. In some embodiments, the first cell and the second cellare the same cell type and are obtained from the same source or clone.In some embodiments, the first reporter gene and the second reportergene are the same reporter gene. In other embodiments, the firstreporter gene and second reporter gene are different reporter genes. Acompound that increases the inclusion of exon 7 of SMN2 into mRNAtranscribed from the SMN2 gene will result in a Fold Activation derivedfrom a higher ratio of the First Activation:

${{\begin{matrix}{First} \\{Activation}\end{matrix} = \frac{\begin{matrix}{{the}\mspace{14mu} {amount}\mspace{14mu} {or}\mspace{14mu} {the}\mspace{14mu} {activity}\mspace{14mu} {of}\mspace{14mu} {the}} \\{{first}\mspace{14mu} {fusion}\mspace{14mu} {protein}\mspace{14mu} {expressed}\mspace{14mu} {by}\mspace{14mu} {the}\mspace{14mu} {first}} \\{{host}\mspace{14mu} {cell}\mspace{14mu} {in}\mspace{14mu} {the}\mspace{14mu} {presence}\mspace{14mu} {of}\mspace{14mu} {the}\mspace{14mu} {compound}}\end{matrix}\mspace{31mu}}{\begin{matrix}{{the}\mspace{14mu} {amount}\mspace{14mu} {or}\mspace{14mu} {the}\mspace{14mu} {activity}\mspace{14mu} {of}\mspace{14mu} {the}\mspace{14mu} {first}\mspace{14mu} {fusion}\mspace{14mu} {protein}} \\{{expressed}\mspace{14mu} {by}\mspace{14mu} {the}\mspace{14mu} {first}\mspace{14mu} {host}\mspace{14mu} {cell}\mspace{14mu} {in}\mspace{14mu} {the}\mspace{11mu} {absence}\mspace{14mu} {of}} \\{{the}\mspace{14mu} {compound}\mspace{14mu} {or}\mspace{14mu} {the}\mspace{14mu} {presence}\mspace{14mu} {of}\mspace{14mu} a\mspace{14mu} {negative}\mspace{14mu} {control}}\end{matrix}\mspace{31mu}}}{compared}\mspace{14mu} {to}\mspace{14mu} {the}\mspace{14mu} {ratio}\mspace{14mu} {of}\mspace{14mu} {the}\mspace{14mu} {Second}\mspace{14mu} {{Activation}:\begin{matrix}{Second} \\{Activation}\end{matrix}}} = \frac{\begin{matrix}{{the}\mspace{14mu} {amount}\mspace{14mu} {or}\mspace{14mu} {the}\mspace{14mu} {activity}\mspace{14mu} {of}\mspace{14mu} {the}} \\{{second}\mspace{14mu} {fusion}\mspace{14mu} {protein}\mspace{14mu} {expressed}\mspace{14mu} {by}\mspace{14mu} {the}\mspace{14mu} {second}} \\{{host}\mspace{14mu} {cell}\mspace{14mu} {in}\mspace{14mu} {the}\mspace{14mu} {presence}\mspace{14mu} {of}\mspace{14mu} {the}\mspace{14mu} {compound}}\end{matrix}}{\begin{matrix}{{the}\mspace{14mu} {amount}\mspace{14mu} {or}\mspace{14mu} {the}\mspace{14mu} {activity}\mspace{14mu} {of}\mspace{14mu} {the}\mspace{14mu} {second}\mspace{14mu} {fusion}\mspace{14mu} {protein}} \\{{expressed}\mspace{14mu} {by}\mspace{14mu} {the}\mspace{14mu} {second}\mspace{14mu} {host}\mspace{14mu} {cell}\mspace{14mu} {in}\mspace{14mu} {the}\mspace{11mu} {absence}\mspace{14mu} {of}} \\{{the}\mspace{14mu} {compound}\mspace{14mu} {or}\mspace{14mu} {the}\mspace{14mu} {presence}\mspace{14mu} {of}\mspace{14mu} a\mspace{14mu} {negative}\mspace{14mu} {control}}\end{matrix}}$

In some embodiments, both the amount and activity of the first andsecond fusion proteins are detected. Accordingly, as used herein, theFold Activation for a compound that modulates the inclusion of exon 7 ofSMN2 into mRNA transcribed from the SMN2 gene is a ratio of the FirstActivation divided by the Second Activation.

In certain embodiments, in addition to, or as an alternative to,detecting the amount or activity of the first and second fusionproteins, the amount of mRNA transcript containing exon 7 of SMN2 or afragment thereof transcribed from the first and second minigenes can bedetected. In accordance with such embodiments, a compound that modulatesinclusion of exon 7 of SMN2 into mRNA transcribed from the SMN2 gene isidentified and validated if the compound alters the amount of mRNAtranscript containing exon 7 of SMN2 or a fragment thereof transcribedfrom the first minigene relative to the amount of mRNA transcriptcontaining exon 7 of SMN2 or a fragment thereof transcribed from thefirst minigene in the absence of the compound or in the presence of anegative control, but the compound does not significantly alter theamount of mRNA transcript containing exon 7 of SMN2 or a fragmentthereof transcribed from the second minigene relative to the amount ofmRNA transcript containing exon 7 of SMN2 or a fragment thereoftranscribed from the second minigene in the absence of the compound orthe presence of a negative control. In a specific embodiment, thealteration in the amount of mRNA transcript containing exon 7 of SMN2 ora fragment thereof transcribed from the first minigene is a significantalteration. A compound that increases the inclusion of exon 7 of SMN2into mRNA transcribed from the SMN2 gene is identified and validated ifthe amount of mRNA transcript containing exon 7 of SMN2 or a fragmentthereof transcribed from the first minigene in the presence of thecompound relative to the amount of mRNA transcript containing exon 7 ofSMN2 or a fragment thereof transcribed from the first minigene in theabsence of the compound or the presence of a negative control is greaterthan the amount of mRNA transcript containing exon 7 of SMN2 or afragment thereof transcribed from the second minigene in the presence ofthe compound relative to the amount of mRNA transcript containing exon 7of SMN2 or a fragment thereof transcribed from the second minigene inthe absence of the compound or the presence of a negative control.

In another embodiment, the present invention includes a method foridentifying and validating a compound that modulates inclusion of exon 7of SMN2 into mRNA transcribed from the SMN2 gene comprising the stepsof: (a) contacting a compound with a host cell containing a firstnucleic acid construct and a second nucleic acid construct, wherein (1)the first nucleic acid construct comprises a first minigene whichcomprises, in 5′ to 3′ order: (i) the nucleic acid residues of exon 6 ofSMN or a fragment thereof, the nucleic acid residues of intron 6 of SMNor a fragment thereof, the nucleic acid residues of exon 7 of SMN2 or afragment thereof, the nucleic acid residues of intron 7 of SMN or afragment thereof, and a fragment of the nucleic acid residues of exon 8of SMN, wherein either a single adenine, thymine or cytosine residue isinserted after nucleic acid residue 48 of exon 7 of SMN2, or a singlenucleotide is inserted after nucleic acid residue 45, 46 or 47 of exon 7of SMN2, and (ii) a first reporter gene fused in frame to the nucleicacid residues of exon 8 of SMN or a fragment thereof, wherein the firstreporter gene does not have a start codon, and wherein (2) the secondnucleic acid construct comprises a second minigene which comprises, in5′ to 3′ order: (i) the nucleic acid residues of exon 6 of SMN or afragment thereof, the nucleic acid residues of intron 6 of SMN or afragment thereof, the nucleic acid residues of exon 7 of SMN2 or afragment thereof, the nucleic acid residues of intron 7 of SMN or afragment thereof, and a fragment of the nucleic acid residues of exon 8of SMN, wherein a single guanine residue is inserted after nucleic acidresidue 48 of exon 7 of SMN2, and (ii) a second reporter gene fused inframe to the nucleic acid residues of exon 8 of SMN or a fragmentthereof, wherein the second reporter gene does not have a start codonand second reporter gene is different than the first reporter gene; (b)detecting the amount or activity of the first fusion protein encoded bythe first minigene and detecting the amount or activity of the secondfusion protein encoded by the second minigene; and (c) comparing theamount or activity of the first fusion protein with the amount oractivity of the second fusion protein, wherein a compound that modulatesinclusion of exon 7 of SMN2 into mRNA transcribed from the SMN2 gene isidentified and validated if the amount or activity of the first fusionprotein expressed by the host cell is altered in the presence of thecompound relative to the amount or activity of the first fusion proteinexpressed by the host cell in the absence of the compound or thepresence of a negative control; and the amount or activity of the secondfusion protein expressed by the host cell is not significantly alteredin the presence of the compound relative to the amount or activity ofthe second fusion protein expressed by the host cell in the absence ofthe compound or the presence of a negative control. In a specificembodiment, the alteration in the amount or activity of the first fusionprotein is a significant alteration.

In a specific embodiment, the first and second minigenes have a startcodon added to the 5′ end of exon 6 of SMN or a fragment thereof. Insome embodiments, the fragment of exon 8 of SMN of the second minigeneis composed of more or less than the first 21 nucleotides of exon 8 ofSMN. A compound that increases the inclusion of exon 7 of SMN2 into mRNAtranscribed from the SMN2 gene, and thus increases levels of SMN proteinproduced from the SMN2 gene, will result in an increased amount oractivity of the first fusion protein expressed by the host cell relativeto the amount or activity of the first fusion protein expressed by thehost cell in the absence of the compound or the presence of a negativecontrol, but the compound will not significantly alter the amount oractivity of the second fusion protein expressed by the host cellrelative to the amount or activity of the second fusion proteinexpressed by the host cell in the absence of the compound or thepresence of a negative control. In some embodiments, both the amount andactivity of the fusion protein are detected.

In some embodiments, in addition to, or as an alternative to, detectingthe amount or activity of the first and second fusion proteins, theamount of mRNA transcripts containing exon 7 of SMN2 or a fragmentthereof transcribed from the first and second minigenes is detected. Inaccordance with such embodiments, a compound that modulates theinclusion of exon 7 of SMN2 into mRNA transcribed from the SMN2 gene isidentified or validated if the compound alters the amount of mRNAtranscript containing exon 7 of SMN2 or a fragment thereof transcribedfrom the first minigene relative to the amount of mRNA transcriptcontaining exon 7 of SMN2 or a fragment thereof transcribed from thefirst minigene in the absence of the compound, but the compound does notsignificantly alter the amount of the mRNA transcript containing exon 7of SMN2 or a fragment thereof transcribed from the second minigenerelative to the amount obtained in the absence of the compound. In aspecific embodiment, the alteration in the amount of the mRNA transcriptcontaining exon 7 of SMN2 or a fragment thereof transcribed from thefirst minigene is a significant alteration.

A compound that enhances the inclusion of exon 7 of SMN2 into mRNAtranscribed from the SMN2 gene is identified and validated if: (i) theamount of mRNA transcript containing exon 7 of SMN2 or a fragmentthereof transcribed from the first minigene is increased in the presenceof the compound relative to the amount of mRNA transcript containingexon 7 of SMN2 or a fragment thereof transcribed from the first minigenein the absence of the compound or the presence of a negative control;and (ii) the amount of mRNA transcript containing exon 7 of SMN2 or afragment thereof is not significantly altered in the presence of thecompound relative to the amount of mRNA transcript of SMN2 or a fragmentthereof transcribed from the second minigene in the absence of thecompound or the presence of a negative control.

In another embodiment, the present invention includes a method foridentifying and validating a compound that modulates inclusion of exon 7of SMN2 into mRNA transcribed from the SMN2 gene comprising the stepsof: (a) contacting a compound with a host cell containing a firstnucleic acid construct and a second nucleic acid construct, wherein (1)the first nucleic acid construct comprises a first minigene whichcomprises, in 5′ to 3′ order: (i) the nucleic acid residues of exon 6 ofSMN or a fragment thereof, the nucleic acid residues of intron 6 of SMNor a fragment thereof, the nucleic acid residues of exon 7 of SMN2 or afragment thereof, the nucleic acid residues of intron 7 of SMN or afragment thereof, and a fragment of the nucleic acid residues of exon 8of SMN, wherein either a single adenine, thymine or cytosine residue isinserted after nucleic acid residue 48 of exon 7 of SMN2, or a singlenucleotide is inserted after nucleic acid residue 45, 46 or 47 of exon 7of SMN2, and (ii) a first reporter gene fused in frame to the nucleicacid residues of exon 8 of SMN or a fragment thereof, wherein the firstreporter gene does not have a start codon, and wherein (2) the secondnucleic acid construct comprises a second minigene which comprises, in5′ to 3′ order: (i) the nucleic acid residues of exon 6 of SMN or afragment thereof, the nucleic acid residues of intron 6 of SMN or afragment thereof, the nucleic acid residues of exon 7 of SMN2 or afragment thereof, the nucleic acid residues of intron 7 of SMN or afragment thereof, and a fragment of the nucleic acid residues of exon 8of SMN, wherein a single guanine residue is inserted after nucleic acidresidue 48 of exon 7 of SMN2, and (2) a second reporter gene fused inframe to the nucleic acid residues of exon 8 of SMN or a fragmentthereof, wherein the second reporter gene does not have a start codonand the second reporter gene is different from the first reporter gene(e.g., first reporter gene is a luciferase reporter gene and the secondreporter gene is a green fluorescent protein reporter gene); (b)detecting the amount or activity of the first fusion protein and theamount or activity of the second fusion protein encoded by the first andsecond minigenes, respectively; and (c) comparing a first ratio obtainedby dividing the amount or activity of the first fusion protein expressedby the host cell by the amount or activity of the second fusion proteinexpressed by the host cell, each detected in the presence of thecompound or in the presence of a positive control, with a second ratioobtained by dividing the amount or activity of the first fusion proteinexpressed by the host cell by the amount or activity of the secondfusion protein expressed by the host cell, each detected in the absenceof the compound or in the presence of a negative control, wherein acompound that modulates inclusion of exon 7 of SMN2 into mRNAtranscribed from the SMN2 gene is identified and validated if the firstratio is different than the second ratio. A compound that enhances theinclusion of exon 7 of SMN2 into mRNA transcribed from the SMN2 gene isidentified and validated if the first ratio is greater than secondratio. In a specific embodiment, the first and second minigenes have astart codon added to the 5′ end of exon 6 of SMN or a fragment thereof.

In another embodiment, an assay of the present invention includes amethod for the identification and/or validation of a compound thatincreases the inclusion of exon 7 of SMN2 into mRNA transcribed from theSMN2 gene comprising the steps of: (a) contacting a compound with a hostcell containing (i) a first nucleic acid construct comprising a firstminigene which comprises, in 5′ to 3′ order: the nucleic acid residuesof exon 6 of SMN, the nucleic acid residues of intron 6 of SMN, thenucleic acid residues of exon 7 of SMN2, the nucleic acid residues ofintron 7 of SMN, a fragment of exon 8 of SMN, and the nucleic acidresidues of the coding sequence of a first reporter gene lacking a startcodon, wherein either a single adenine, thymine or cytosine residue isinserted after nucleic acid residue 48 of the nucleic acid residues ofexon 7 of SMN2, or a single nucleotide is inserted after nucleic acidresidue 45, 46 or 47 of exon 7 of SMN2; and (ii) a second nucleic acidconstruct comprising a second minigene which comprises, in 5′ to 3′order: the nucleic acid residues of exon 6 of SMN, the nucleic acidresidues of intron 6 of SMN, the nucleic acid residues of exon 7 ofSMN2, the nucleic acid residues of intron 7 of SMN, and a fragment ofexon 8 of SMN, and the nucleic acid residues of the coding sequence of asecond reporter gene lacking a start codon, wherein (i) a single guanineresidue is inserted after nucleic acid residue 48 of exon 7 of SMN2, and(ii) the second reporter gene is different than the first reporter gene;(b) detecting the activity or amount of a first fusion protein encodedby the first minigene and the activity or amount of a second fusionprotein encoded by the second minigene; and (c) comparing the activityor amount of the first fusion protein with the activity or amount of thesecond fusion protein; wherein a compound that increases the inclusionof exon 7 of SMN2 into mRNA transcribed from the SMN2 gene is identifiedand/or validated if the activity or amount of the first fusion proteinexpressed by the host cell is increased in the presence of the compoundrelative to the activity or amount of the first fusion protein expressedby the host cell in the absence of the compound or the presence of anegative control (e.g., PBS or DMSO), and the activity or amount of thesecond fusion protein expressed by the host cell is not significantlyaltered in the presence of the compound relative to the absence of thecompound or the presence of a negative control (e.g., PBS or DMSO). Inone aspect, the first and second minigenes each comprise a start codon5′ to the nucleic acid residues of exon 6 of SMN, wherein the firstcodon of the coding sequence of the first reporter gene and the startcodon of the first minigene are in the same open reading frame, andwherein the first codon of the coding sequence of the second reportergene and the start codon of the second minigene are in the same openreading frame.

In another embodiment, an assay of the present invention includes amethod for the identification and/or validation of a compound thatincreases the inclusion of exon 7 of SMN2 into mRNA transcribed from theSMN2 gene comprising the steps of: (a) contacting a compound with a hostcell containing (i) a first nucleic acid construct comprising a firstminigene which comprises, in 5′ to 3′ order: the nucleic acid residuesof exon 6 of SMN or a fragment thereof, the nucleic acid residues ofintron 6 of SMN or a fragment thereof, the nucleic acid residues of exon7 of SMN2, the nucleic acid residues of intron 7 of SMN or a fragmentthereof, a fragment of exon 8 of SMN, and the nucleic acid residues ofthe coding sequence of a first reporter gene lacking a start codon,wherein either a single adenine, thymine or cytosine residue is insertedafter nucleic acid residue 48 of the nucleic acid residues of exon 7 ofSMN2, or a single nucleotide is inserted after nucleic acid residue 45,46 or 47 of exon 7 of SMN2, and wherein the first codon of the codingsequence of the first reporter gene and the first start codon of thenucleic acid residues of exon 6 of SMN or a fragment thereof of thefirst minigene are in the same open reading frame; and (ii) a secondnucleic acid construct comprising a second minigene which comprises, in5′ to 3′ order: the nucleic acid residues of exon 6 of SMN or a fragmentthereof, the nucleic acid residues of intron 6 of SMN or a fragmentthereof, the nucleic acid residues of exon 7 of SMN2, the nucleic acidresidues of intron 7 of SMN or a fragment thereof, a fragment of exon 8of SMN, and the nucleic acid residues of the coding sequence of a secondreporter gene lacking a start codon, wherein a single guanine residue isinserted after nucleic acid residue 48 of the nucleic acid residues ofexon 7 of SMN2, and wherein the first codon of the coding sequence ofthe second reporter gene and the first start codon of the nucleic acidresidues of exon 6 of SMN or a fragment thereof of the second minigeneare in the same open reading frame; (b) detecting the activity or amountof a first fusion protein encoded by the first minigene and the activityor amount of a second fusion protein encoded by the second minigene; and(c) comparing the activity or amount of the first fusion protein withthe activity or amount of the second fusion protein; wherein a compoundthat increases the inclusion of exon 7 of SMN2 into mRNA transcribedfrom the SMN2 gene is identified and/or validated if the activity oramount of the first fusion protein expressed by the host cell isincreased in the presence of the compound relative to the activity oramount of the first fusion protein expressed by the host cell in theabsence of the compound or the presence of a negative control (e.g., PBSor DMSO), and the activity or amount of the second fusion proteinexpressed by the host cell is not significantly altered in the presenceof the compound relative to the absence of the compound or the presenceof a negative control (e.g., PBS or DMSO).

In another embodiment, an assay of the present invention includes amethod for the identification and/or validation of a compound thatincreases the inclusion of exon 7 of SMN2 into mRNA transcribed from theSMN2 gene comprising the steps of: (a) contacting a compound with a hostcell containing (i) a first nucleic acid construct comprising a firstminigene which comprises, in 5′ to 3′ order: a start codon, the nucleicacid residues of exon 6 of SMN or a fragment thereof, the nucleic acidresidues of intron 6 of SMN or a fragment thereof, the nucleic acidresidues of exon 7 of SMN2, the nucleic acid residues of intron 7 of SMNor a fragment thereof, a fragment of exon 8 of SMN, and the nucleic acidresidues of the coding sequence of a first reporter gene lacking a startcodon, wherein either a single adenine, thymine or cytosine residue isinserted after nucleic acid residue 48 of the nucleic acid residues ofexon 7 of SMN2, or a single nucleotide is inserted after nucleic acidresidue 45, 46 or 47 of exon 7 of SMN2, and wherein the first codon ofthe coding sequence of the first reporter gene and the first start codonof the first minigene are in the same open reading frame; and (ii) asecond nucleic acid construct comprising a second minigene whichcomprises, in 5′ to 3′ order: a start codon, the nucleic acid residuesof exon 6 of SMN or a fragment thereof, the nucleic acid residues ofintron 6 of SMN or a fragment thereof, the nucleic acid residues of exon7 of SMN2, the nucleic acid residues of intron 7 of SMN or a fragmentthereof, a fragment of exon 8 of SMN, and the nucleic acid residues ofthe coding sequence of a second reporter gene lacking a start codon,wherein a single guanine residue is inserted after nucleic acid residue48 of the nucleic acid residues of exon 7 of SMN2, and wherein the firstcodon of the coding sequence of the second reporter gene and the firststart codon of the second minigene are in the same open reading frame;(b) detecting the activity or amount of a first fusion protein encodedby the first minigene and the activity or amount of a second fusionprotein encoded by the second minigene; and (c) comparing the activityor amount of the first fusion protein with the activity or amount of thesecond fusion protein; wherein a compound that increases the inclusionof exon 7 of SMN2 into mRNA transcribed from the SMN2 gene is identifiedand/or validated if the activity or amount of the first fusion proteinexpressed by the host cell is increased in the presence of the compoundrelative to the activity or amount of the first fusion protein expressedby the host cell in the absence of the compound or the presence of anegative control (e.g., PBS or DMSO), and the activity or amount of thesecond fusion protein expressed by the host cell is not significantlyaltered in the presence of the compound relative to the absence of thecompound or the presence of a negative control (e.g., PBS or DMSO).

In another embodiment, an assay of the present invention includes amethod for the identification and/or validation of a compound thatincreases the inclusion of exon 7 of SMN2 into mRNA transcribed from theSMN2 gene comprising the steps of: (a) contacting a compound with a hostcell containing (1) a first nucleic acid construct comprising a firstminigene which comprises, in 5′ to 3′ order: nucleic acid residuesencoding a first amino acid sequence, the nucleic acid residues ofintron 6 of SMN or a fragment thereof, the nucleic acid residues of exon7 of SMN2, the nucleic acid residues of intron 7 of SMN or a fragmentthereof, nucleic acid residues encoding a second amino acid sequence,and the nucleic acid residues of the coding sequence of a first reportergene lacking a start codon, wherein (i) either a single adenine, thymineor cytosine residue is inserted after nucleic acid residue 48 of thenucleic acid residues of exon 7 of SMN2, or a single nucleotide isinserted after nucleic acid residue 45, 46 or 47 of exon 7 of SMN2; (ii)the nucleic acid residues encoding the first amino acid sequenceincludes a start codon; (iii) the nucleic acid residues encoding thefirst and second amino acid sequences permit removal of an intron viamRNA splicing, and (iv) the first codon of the coding sequence of thefirst reporter gene and the first start codon of the first amino acidsequence are in the same open reading frame; and (2) a second nucleicacid construct comprising a second minigene which comprises, in 5′ to 3′order: nucleic acid residues encoding a third amino acid sequence, thenucleic acid residues of intron 6 of SMN or a fragment thereof, thenucleic acid residues of exon 7 of SMN2, the nucleic acid residues ofintron 7 of SMN or a fragment thereof, nucleic acid residues encoding afourth amino acid sequence, and the nucleic acid residues of the codingsequence of a second reporter gene lacking a start codon, wherein (i) asingle guanine residue is inserted after nucleic acid residue 48 of thenucleic acid residues of exon 7 of SMN2; (ii) the nucleic acid residuesencoding the third amino acid sequence include a start codon, (iii) thenucleic acid residues encoding the third and fourth amino acid sequencespermit removal of an intron via mRNA splicing, (iv) the first codon ofthe coding sequence of the second reporter gene and the first startcodon of the third amino acid sequence are in the same open readingframe, and (v) the second reporter gene is different than the firstreporter gene; (b) detecting the activity or amount of a first fusionprotein encoded by the first minigene and the activity or amount of asecond fusion protein encoded by the second minigene; and (c) comparingthe activity or amount of the first fusion protein with the activity oramount of the second fusion protein; wherein a compound that increasesthe inclusion of exon 7 of SMN2 into mRNA transcribed from the SMN2 geneis identified and/or validated if the activity or amount of the firstfusion protein expressed by the host cell is increased in the presenceof the compound relative to the activity or amount of the first fusionprotein expressed by the host cell in the absence of the compound or thepresence of a negative control (e.g., PBS or DMSO), and the activity oramount of the second fusion protein expressed by the host cell is notsignificantly altered in the presence of the compound relative to theabsence of the compound or the presence of a negative control (e.g., PBSor DMSO). In one aspect, the first minigene comprises a start codon 5′to the nucleic acid residues encoding a first amino acid sequence andthe second minigene comprises a start codon 5′ to the nucleic acidresidues encoding a third amino acid sequence, wherein the first codonof the coding sequence of the first reporter gene and the start codon ofthe first minigene are in the same open reading frame, and wherein thefirst codon of the coding sequence of the second reporter gene and thestart codon of the second minigene are in the same open reading frame.

In another embodiment, an assay of the present invention includes amethod for the identification and/or validation of a compound thatincreases the inclusion of exon 7 of SMN2 into mRNA transcribed from theSMN2 gene comprising the steps of: (a) contacting a compound with a hostcell containing (1) a first nucleic acid construct comprising a firstminigene which comprises, in 5′ to 3′ order: a start codon, nucleic acidresidues encoding a first amino acid sequence, the nucleic acid residuesof intron 6 of SMN or a fragment thereof, the nucleic acid residues ofexon 7 of SMN2, the nucleic acid residues of intron 7 of SMN or afragment thereof, nucleic acid residues encoding a second amino acidsequence, and the nucleic acid residues of the coding sequence of afirst reporter gene lacking a start codon, wherein (i) either a singleadenine, thymine or cytosine residue is inserted after nucleic acidresidue 48 of the nucleic acid residues of exon 7 of SMN2, or a singlenucleotide is inserted after nucleic acid residue 45, 46 or 47 of exon 7of SMN2; (ii) the nucleic acid residues encoding the first and secondamino acid sequences permit removal of an intron via mRNA splicing, and(iii) the first codon of the coding sequence of the first reporter geneand the first start codon of the first minigene are in the same openreading frame; and (2) a second nucleic acid construct comprising asecond minigene which comprises, in 5′ to 3′ order: a start codon,nucleic acid residues encoding a third amino acid sequence, the nucleicacid residues of intron 6 of SMN or a fragment thereof, the nucleic acidresidues of exon 7 of SMN2, the nucleic acid residues of intron 7 of SMNor a fragment thereof, nucleic acid residues encoding a fourth aminoacid sequence, and the nucleic acid residues of the coding sequence of asecond reporter gene lacking a start codon, wherein (i) a single guanineresidue is inserted after nucleic acid residue 48 of the nucleic acidresidues of exon 7 of SMN2; (ii) the nucleic acid residues encoding thethird and fourth amino acid sequences permit removal of an intron viamRNA splicing, (iii) the first codon of the coding sequence of thesecond reporter gene and the first start codon of the second minigeneare in the same open reading frame, and (iv) the second reporter gene isdifferent than the first reporter gene; (b) detecting the activity oramount of a first fusion protein encoded by the first minigene and theactivity or amount of a second fusion protein encoded by the secondminigene; and (c) comparing the activity or amount of the first fusionprotein with the activity or amount of the second fusion protein;wherein a compound that increases the inclusion of exon 7 of SMN2 intomRNA transcribed from the SMN2 gene is identified and/or validated ifthe activity or amount of the first fusion protein expressed by the hostcell is increased in the presence of the compound relative to theactivity or amount of the first fusion protein expressed by the hostcell in the absence of the compound or the presence of a negativecontrol (e.g., PBS or DMSO), and the activity or amount of the secondfusion protein expressed by the host cell is not significantly alteredin the presence of the compound relative to the absence of the compoundor the presence of a negative control (e.g., PBS or DMSO). In certainembodiments, the nucleic acid sequences encoding the first, second,third, and fourth amino acid sequences are identical. In otherembodiments, the first, second, third, and fourth amino acid sequencesencoded by the first, second, third, and fourth nucleic acid sequencesnucleic acid are identical. Those of skill in the art will understandthat, due to the degeneracy of the genetic code, different nucleic acidsequences can code for the identical amino acid sequence.

The expression of the fusion protein encoded by the nucleic acidconstruct in the cell-based assays described herein may be detected byany technique well-known to one of skill in the art. For example,techniques well-known to one of skill in the art for detecting reporterproteins can be used to detect the amount and activity of fusionproteins. Methods for detecting the expression of a reporter proteinwill vary with the reporter gene used. Assays for the various reportergenes are well-known to one of skill in the art. To assess whether acompound modulates inclusion of exon 7 of SMN2 into mRNA transcribedfrom the SMN2 gene, the level of RNA transcript containing exon 7 ofSMN2 or a fragment thereof may be detected using techniques well-knownto one of skill in the art. For example, total RNA may be isolated fromcells containing a nucleic acid construct described above, followed bycDNA synthesis and quantitative RT PCR analysis. In one embodiment,forward and reverse primer pairs are used in quantitative RT PCRanalysis. The forward primer is designed to bind to exon 6 or the exon6/exon 7 junction, and the reverse primer is designed to bind to exon 8or the reporter gene, depending on whether alternative splicing isdetected in mRNA transcripts transcribed from the endogeneous SMN2 geneor a minigene described herein. A quantitative RT PCR probe is designedto bind to exon 7 or the exon 6/exon 7 junction or the exon 7/exon 8junction.

In a specific embodiment, a method based on quantitative real-time PCRis used wherein the 5′ primer binds to nucleic acid sequences withinexon 7 and the 3′ primer binds to nucleic acid sequences in the reportergene, and wherein a probe complementary to sequences found in the 3′region of exon 7 and the 5′ region of exon 8 hybridizes to the junctionregion between exon 7 and exon 8 to measure the levels of mRNAtranscripts containing exon 7 of SMN2 or a fragment thereof producedfrom a minigene described herein. An example of the aforementionedreal-time PCR assay is described herein, and a schematic drawing of thesequences in the SMN2 minigene-reporter gene construct bound by theprimers and the probe is shown in FIG. 5.

Cell-Free Assays

The present invention provides for the use of the nucleic acid constructdescribed herein in a cell-free assay. Techniques for use of variousnucleic acid constructs in a cell-free assay are generally known tothose skilled in the art. Accordingly, techniques for the use of theinstant nucleic acid construct in a cell-free assay will employ, unlessotherwise indicated, routine conventional techniques of molecularbiology, microbiology, and recombinant DNA manipulation and production.

In certain embodiments, the present invention includes a method foridentifying and/or validating a compound that modulates inclusion ofexon 7 of SMN2 into mRNA transcribed from the SMN2 gene comprising: (a)contacting a compound with a composition comprising a cell-free extractand a pre-mRNA transcript encoded by a minigene of a nucleic acidconstruct described herein or a nucleic acid construct described herein;and (b) measuring the amount of mRNA transcripts containing exon 7 ofSMN2 or a fragment thereof. In one embodiment, the present inventionincludes a method for identifying or validating a compound thatmodulates inclusion of exon 7 of SMN2 into mRNA transcribed from theSMN2 gene comprising the steps of: (a) contacting a compound with acell-free extract containing a pre-mRNA comprising, in 5′ to 3′ order:(i) the nucleic acid residues of exon 6 of SMN or a fragment thereof,the nucleic acid residues of intron 6 of SMN or a fragment thereof, thenucleic acid residues of exon 7 of SMN2 or a fragment thereof, thenucleic acid residues of intron 7 of SMN or a fragment thereof, and afragment of the nucleic acid residues of exon 8 of SMN, and (b)measuring the amount of the mRNA transcripts containing exon 7 of SMN2or a fragment thereof.

In a specific embodiment, the pre-mRNA has a start codon added to the 5′end of exon 6 of SMN or a fragment thereof A compound that altersinclusion of exon 7 of SMN2 into mRNA transcribed from the SMN2 gene isidentified or validated if the amount of mRNA transcript containing exon7 of SMN2 or a fragment thereof obtained when the cell-free extract iscontacted with the compound is altered relative to the amount of mRNAtranscript containing exon 7 of SMN2 or a fragment thereof obtained whenthe cell-free extract is not contacted with the compound or is contactedwith a negative control, or relative to a previously determinedreference range, that is the amount of mRNA transcript containing exon 7of SMN2 or a fragment thereof obtained for a negative control. In aspecific embodiment, the alteration in the amount of mRNA transcriptcontaining exon 7 of SMN2 or a fragment thereof is a significantalteration. In a specific embodiment, a negative control (e.g., DMSO,PBS or another agent that is known to have no effect on splicing of exon7 of SMN2) and a positive control (e.g., an agent that is known to havean effect on exon 7 splicing of SMN2) are included in the cell-freeassays described herein.

In some embodiments, the terms “significantly altered” and “significantalteration” refer to a difference in values for a measurement taken ofreplicate wells of a sample under the same conditions with the exceptionof one variable, which difference is statistically significant. In aspecific embodiment, a difference is statistically significant if thep-value is less than 0.1, 0.05, 0.01, or 0.001.

In a specific embodiment, the present invention includes a method foridentifying or validating a compound that increases the inclusion ofexon 7 of SMN2 into mRNA transcribed from the SMN2 gene comprising thesteps of: (a) contacting a compound with a cell-free extract containinga pre-mRNA comprising, in 5′ to 3′ order: (i) the nucleic acid residuesof exon 6 of SMN or a fragment thereof, the nucleic acid residues ofintron 6 of SMN or a fragment thereof, the nucleic acid residues of exon7 of SMN2 or a fragment thereof, the nucleic acid residues of intron 7of SMN or a fragment thereof, and a fragment of the nucleic acidresidues of exon 8 of SMN; and (b) measuring the amount of mRNAtranscripts containing exon 7 of SMN2 or a fragment thereof, wherein acompound that increases the inclusion of exon 7 of SMN2 into mRNAtranscribed from the SMN2 gene is identified or validated if thecompound increases the amount of mRNA transcript containing exon 7 ofSMN2 or a fragment thereof obtained relative to the amount of mRNAtranscript containing exon 7 of SMN2 or a fragment thereof obtained whenthe cell-free extract is not contacted with the compound or is contactedwith a negative control (e.g., DMSO, PBS and the like), or relative to apreviously determined reference range that is the amount of the mRNAtranscript containing exon 7 of SMN2 or a fragment thereof obtained fora negative control. In one specific embodiment, the pre-mRNA has a startcodon added to the 5′ end of exon 6 of SMN or a fragment thereof.

In certain embodiments, the present invention includes a method foridentifying or validating a compound that modulates inclusion of exon 7of SMN2 into mRNA transcribed from the SMN2 gene comprising the stepsof: (a) contacting a compound with a cell-free extract containing apre-mRNA comprising, in 5′ to 3′ order: (i) the nucleic acid residues ofexon 6 of SMN or a fragment thereof, the nucleic acid residues of intron6 of SMN or a fragment thereof, the nucleic acid residues of exon 7 ofSMN2 or a fragment thereof, and the nucleic acid residues of intron 7 ofSMN or a fragment thereof, and a fragment of the nucleic acid residuesof exon 8 of SMN, wherein either a single adenine, thymine or cytosineresidue is inserted after nucleic acid residue 48 of exon 7 of SMN2, ora single nucleotide is inserted after nucleic acid residue 45, 46 or 47of exon 7 of SMN2; and (b) measuring the amount of mRNA transcriptscontaining exon 7 of SMN2 or a fragment thereof, wherein a compound thatmodulates inclusion of exon 7 of SMN2 into mRNA transcribed from theSMN2 gene is identified or validated if the compound alters the amountof mRNA transcript containing exon 7 of SMN2 or a fragment thereofrelative to the amount of mRNA transcript containing exon 7 of SMN2 or afragment thereof obtained when the cell-free extract is not contactedwith the compound or is contacted with a negative control (e.g., DMSO,PBS and the like), or relative to a previously determined referencerange that is the amount of mRNA transcript containing exon 7 of SMN2 ora fragment thereof obtained for a negative control. In a specificembodiment, the alteration in the amount of mRNA transcript containingexon 7 of SMN2 or a fragment thereof is a significant alteration.

In one specific embodiment, the pre-mRNA has a start codon added to the5′ end of exon 6 of SMN or a fragment thereof. In another embodiment,the pre-mRNA further comprises nucleic acid residues encoding a reportergene fused in frame to the nucleic acid residues of exon 8 of SMN or afragment thereof, wherein the reporter gene does not have a start codon.

In one embodiment, the present invention includes a method foridentifying or validating a compound that enhances the inclusion of exon7 of SMN2 into mRNA transcribed from the SMN2 gene comprising the stepsof: (a) contacting a compound with a cell-free extract containing apre-mRNA comprising, in 5′ to 3′ order: (i) the nucleic acid residues ofexon 6 of SMN or a fragment thereof, the nucleic acid residues of intron6 of SMN or a fragment thereof, the nucleic acid residues of exon 7 ofSMN2 or a fragment thereof, the nucleic acid residues of intron 7 of SMNor a fragment thereof, and a fragment of the nucleic acid residues ofexon 8 of SMN, wherein either a single adenine, thymine or cytosineresidue is inserted after nucleic acid residue 48 of exon 7 of SMN2, ora single nucleotide is inserted after nucleic acid residue 45, 46 or 47or exon 7 of SMN2; and (b) measuring the amount of mRNA transcriptcontaining exon 7 of SMN2 or a fragment thereof, wherein a compound thatenhances the inclusion of exon 7 of SMN2 into mRNA transcribed from theSMN2 gene is identified or validated if the compound increases theamount of mRNA transcript containing exon 7 of SMN2 or a fragmentthereof obtained in the cell-free extract relative to the amount of mRNAtranscript containing exon 7 of SMN2 or a fragment thereof obtained whenthe cell-free extract is not contacted with the compound or is contactedwith a negative control (e.g., DMSO, PBS and the like), or relative to apreviously determined reference range that is the amount of mRNAtranscript obtained for a negative control.

In one specific embodiment, the pre-mRNA has a start codon added to the5′ end of exon 6 of SMN or a fragment thereof. In another embodiment,the pre-mRNA further comprises nucleic acid residues encoding a reportergene fused in frame to the nucleic acid residues of exon 8 of SMN or afragment thereof, wherein the reporter gene does not have a start codon.

In another embodiment, an assay of the present invention includes amethod for the identification of a compound that increases the inclusionof exon 7 of SMN2 into mRNA transcribed from the SMN2 gene comprisingthe steps of: (a) contacting a compound with a composition comprising acell-free extract and a pre-mRNA transcript encoded by a minigene of anucleic acid construct or a nucleic acid construct, wherein the minigenecomprises, in 5′ to 3′ order: the nucleic acid residues of exon 6 ofSMN, the nucleic acid residues of intron 6 of SMN, the nucleic acidresidues of exon 7 of SMN2, the nucleic acid residues of intron 7 ofSMN, a fragment of exon 8 of SMN, and the nucleic acid residues of thecoding sequence of a reporter gene lacking a start codon, wherein eithera single adenine, thymine or cytosine residue is inserted after nucleicacid residue 48 of the nucleic acid residues of exon 7 of SMN2, or asingle nucleotide is inserted after nucleic acid residue 45, 46 or 47 ofexon 7 of SMN2. In one aspect, the minigene comprises a start codon 5′to the nucleic acid residues of exon 6 of SMN,

wherein the first codon of the coding sequence of the reporter gene andthe start codon of the minigene are in the same open reading frame.

In another embodiment, an assay of the present invention includes amethod for the identification of a compound that increases the inclusionof exon 7 of SMN2 into mRNA transcribed from the SMN2 gene comprisingthe steps of: (a) contacting a compound with a composition comprising acell-free extract and a pre-mRNA transcript encoded by a minigene of anucleic acid construct or a nucleic acid construct, wherein the minigenecomprises, in 5′ to 3′ order: the nucleic acid residues of exon 6 of SMNor a fragment thereof, the nucleic acid residues of intron 6 of SMN or afragment thereof, the nucleic acid residues of exon 7 of SMN2, thenucleic acid residues of intron 7 of SMN or a fragment thereof, afragment of exon 8 of SMN, and the nucleic acid residues of the codingsequence of a reporter gene lacking a start codon, wherein either asingle adenine, thymine or cytosine residue is inserted after nucleicacid residue 48 of the nucleic acid residues of exon 7 of SMN2, or asingle nucleotide is inserted after nucleic acid residue 45, 46 or 47 ofexon 7 of SMN2, and wherein the first start codon of the fragment of thenucleic acid residues of exon 6 of SMN and the first codon of the codingsequence of the reporter gene are in the same open reading frame.

In another embodiment, an assay of the present invention includes amethod for the identification of a compound that increases the inclusionof exon 7 of SMN2 into mRNA transcribed from the SMN2 gene comprisingthe steps of: (a) contacting a compound with a composition comprising acell-free extract and a pre-mRNA transcript encoded by a minigene of anucleic acid construct or a nucleic acid construct, wherein the minigenecomprises, in 5′ to 3′ order: a start codon, the nucleic acid residuesof exon 6 of SMN or a fragment thereof, the nucleic acid residues ofintron 6 of SMN or a fragment thereof, the nucleic acid residues of exon7 of SMN2, the nucleic acid residues of intron 7 of SMN or a fragmentthereof, a fragment of exon 8 of SMN, and the nucleic acid residues ofthe coding sequence of a reporter gene lacking a start codon, whereineither a single adenine, thymine or cytosine residue is inserted afternucleic acid residue 48 of the nucleic acid residues of exon 7 of SMN2,or a single nucleotide is inserted after nucleic acid residue 45, 46 or47 of exon 7 of SMN2, and wherein the first codon of the coding sequenceof the reporter gene and the first start codon of the minigene are inthe same open reading frame.

In another embodiment, an assay of the present invention includes amethod for the identification of a compound that increases the inclusionof exon 7 of SMN2 into mRNA transcribed from the SMN2 gene comprisingthe steps of: (a) contacting a compound with a composition comprising acell-free extract and a pre-mRNA transcript encoded by a minigene of anucleic acid construct or a nucleic acid construct, wherein the minigenecomprises, in 5′ to 3′ order: nucleic acid residues encoding a firstamino acid sequence, the nucleic acid residues of intron 6 of SMN or afragment thereof, the nucleic acid residues of exon 7 of SMN2, thenucleic acid residues of intron 7 of SMN or a fragment thereof, nucleicacid residues encoding a second amino acid sequence, and the nucleicacid residues of the coding sequence of a reporter gene lacking a startcodon, wherein (i) either a single adenine, thymine or cytosine residueis inserted after nucleic acid residue 48 of the nucleic acid residuesof exon 7 of SMN2, or a single nucleotide is inserted after nucleic acidresidue 45, 46 or 47 of exon 7 of SMN2; (ii) the nucleic acid residuesencoding the first amino acid sequence include a start codon; (iii) thenucleic acid residues encoding the first and second amino acid sequencespermit removal of an intron via mRNA splicing, and (iv) the first codonof the coding sequence of the reporter gene and the start codon of thenucleic acid residues encoding the first amino acid sequence are in thesame open reading frame.

In another embodiment, an assay of the present invention includes amethod for the identification of a compound that increases the inclusionof exon 7 of SMN2 into mRNA transcribed from the SMN2 gene comprisingthe steps of: (a) contacting a compound with a composition comprising acell-free extract and a pre-mRNA transcript encoded by a minigene of anucleic acid construct or a nucleic acid construct, wherein the minigenecomprises, in 5′ to 3′ order: a start codon, nucleic acid residuesencoding a first amino acid sequence, the nucleic acid residues ofintron 6 of SMN or a fragment thereof, the nucleic acid residues of exon7 of SMN2, the nucleic acid residues of intron 7 of SMN or a fragmentthereof, nucleic acid residues encoding a second amino acid sequence,and the nucleic acid residues of the coding sequence of a reporter genelacking a start codon, wherein (i) either a single adenine, thymine orcytosine residue is inserted after nucleic acid residue 48 of thenucleic acid residues of exon 7 of SMN2, or a single nucleotide isinserted after nucleic acid residue 45, 46 or 47 of exon 7 of SMN2; (ii)the nucleic acid residues encoding the first and second amino acidsequences permit removal of an intron via mRNA splicing, and (iii) thefirst codon of the coding sequence of the reporter gene and the firststart codon of the minigene are in the same open reading frame.

In some embodiments, as an alternative to, or in addition to, measuringthe amount of mRNA transcript containing exon 7 of SMN2 or a fragmentthereof, the amount or activity of the protein encoded by the pre-mRNAor nucleic acid construct can be detected. A compound that enhances theinclusion of exon 7 of SMN2 into mRNA transcribed from the SMN2 gene isidentified or validated if the amount or activity of the protein encodedby the pre-mRNA or nucleic acid construct is increased in the presenceof the compound relative to the amount or activity of the protein in theabsence of the compound or the presence of a negative control, or apreviously determined reference range.

The step of contacting a compound with a cell-free extract containing anucleic acid construct or a pre-mRNA transcript as described herein or acomposition containing a cell-free extract and a nucleic acid constructor a pre-mRNA transcript, may be conducted under conditionsapproximating or mimicking physiologic conditions. In a specificembodiment, a compound is added to the cell-free extract in the presenceof an aqueous solution. In accordance with this embodiment, the aqueoussolution may comprise a buffer and a combination of salts, preferablyapproximating or mimicking physiologic conditions. Alternatively, theaqueous solution may comprise a buffer, a combination of salts, and adetergent or a surfactant. Examples of salts which may be used in theaqueous solution include, but not limited to, KCl, NaCl, MgCl₂,Tris-HCl, and/or Hepes. The optimal concentration of each salt used inthe aqueous solution is dependent on the cell-free extract and compoundsused and can be determined using routine experimentation.

A compound may be contacted with a cell-free extract containing anucleic acid construct or a pre-mRNA or a composition containing acell-free extract and a pre-mRNA transcript described herein or anucleic acid construct described herein for a specific period of time.For example, a compound may be contacted with a cell-free extractcontaining a pre-mRNA for a time period of about 2 minutes, 5 minutes,10 minutes, 15 minutes, 20 minutes, 30 minutes, 45 minutes, 1 hour, 2hours, 3 hours, 4 hours, 8 hours, 10 hours, 12 hours, 14 hours, 16hours, 18 hours or 24 hours. In some embodiments, the compound iscontacted with a cell-free containing a pre-mRNA for a time period in arange of from about 1 minute to about 2 hours, from about 1 minute toabout 1 hour, from about 1 minute to about 45 minutes, from about 1minute to about 30 minutes, or from about 1 minute to about 15 minutes.

The effect of a compound on inclusion of exon 7 of SMN2 into mRNAtranscribed from the SMN2 gene can be determined by assaying the amountsof mRNA transcripts containing exon 7 of SMN2 or a fragment thereofusing techniques well-known to one of skill in the art. In a specificembodiment, the amounts of mRNA transcripts containing exon 7 of SMN2 ora fragment thereof may be determined by quantitative RT PCR. In oneembodiment, 5′ and 3′ primer pairs are used in quantitative RT PCRanalysis. The 5′ primer is designed to bind to exon 6 or the exon 6/exon7 junction, and the 3′ primer is designed to bind to exon 8. Aquantitative RT PCR probe is designed to bind to exon 7 or the exon6/exon 7 junction or the exon 7/exon 8 junction. The ratio between mRNAtranscripts containing exon 7 of SMN2 or a fragment thereof to othermRNA transcripts obtained in the assay may be determined by quantitativeRT PCR.

Nucleic Acid Constructs for In Vitro Splicing Assays

A pre-mRNA suitable for use in an in vitro splicing assay may generallybe prepared by in vitro run-off transcription. The present inventionprovides nucleic acid constructs that may be prepared by in vitrorun-off transcription.

In one embodiment, the nucleic acid construct comprises, in 5′ or 3′order: (i) a bacteriophage promoter; and (ii) a minigene comprising thenucleic acid residues of exon 6 of SMN or a fragment thereof, thenucleic acid residues of intron 6 of SMN or a fragment thereof, thenucleic acid residues of exon 7 of SMN2 or a fragment thereof, thenucleic acid residues of intron 7 of SMN2 or a fragment thereof, and thenucleic acid residues of intron 7 of SMN or a fragment thereof, and afragment of the nucleic acid residues of exon 8 of SMN. In anotherembodiment, the nucleic acid construct comprises, in 5′ to 3′ order: (i)a bacteriophage promoter, (ii) a minigene comprising the nucleic acidresidues of exon 6 of SMN or a fragment thereof, the nucleic acidresidues of intron 6 of SMN or a fragment thereof, the nucleic acidresidues of exon 7 of SMN2 or a fragment thereof, and the nucleic acidresidues of intron 7 of SMN or a fragment thereof, and a fragment of thenucleic acid residues of exon 8 of SMN, wherein either a single adenine,thymine or cytosine residue is inserted after nucleic acid residue 48 ofexon 7 of SMN2, or a single nucleotide is inserted after nucleic acidresidue 45, 46 or 47 or exon 7 of SMN2 and (iii) a reporter gene fusedin frame to the nucleic acid residues of exon 8 of SMN or a fragmentthereof, wherein the reporter gene does not have a start codon.

In one specific embodiment, a start codon is added to the 5′ end of exon6 of SMN or a fragment thereof. In another embodiment, the bacteriophagepromoter may be derived from T3, SP6, or T7 bacteriophage, or any otherbacteriophage commonly used for in vitro transcription. Additionally,such nucleic acid constructs may be part of a vector that providesrestriction endonuclease sites that are not present in the nucleic acidconstruct and may be used to linearize the vector.

Pre-mRNA Preparation

Any technique well-known to one skilled in the art may be used togenerate pre-mRNAs suitable for use in cell-free systems. For example, apre-mRNA can be made in run-off transcription of a linearized plasmidcontaining a bacteriophage promoter and a minigene wherein thebacteriophage promoter drives transcription of said minigene.Bacteriophage promoters from a T3, SP6 or T7 bacteriophage or any othersuitable promoter may be used together with the respective RNApolymerase derived from the corresponding bacteriophage.

Vectors described herein are linearized with a restriction enzyme priorto in vitro run-off transcription, wherein the restriction sites for therestriction enzyme are located outside of the minigene nucleic acidconstruct contained in the vector. In a specific embodiment, therestriction enzyme creates 5′ overhangs.

A pre-mRNA may be labeled by including one, two or more labeledribonucleotides encoded in the vector. In a specific embodiment, onelabeled ribonucleotide is present in the transcription reaction mixture.In a more specific embodiment, one ³²P-labeled ribonucleotide is presentin the transcription reaction mixture.

A capped pre-mRNA is more stable than an uncapped pre-mRNA. In addition,splicing occurs more efficiently with a capped pre-mRNA. In oneembodiment, a dinucleotide primer is included in the plasmid to producecapped pre-mRNA. In a specific embodiment, the dinucleotide primer ismGpppG or GpppG.

A pre-mRNA from in vitro transcription may be purified by phenolextraction and ethanol precipitation or any technique well-known to oneof skill in the art to yield a substantially pure pre-mRNA suitable foruse in in vitro run-off transcription.

Cell-Free Extracts

Any technique well-known to one skilled in the art may be used togenerate a whole cell extract or a nuclear extract suitable for use inin vitro splicing (otherwise referred to herein as cell-free extracts).In certain embodiments, the cell-free extracts are suitable for in vitrotranscription and in vitro splicing. In some embodiments, the cell-freeextracts are suitable for in vitro transcription, in vitro splicing, andin vitro translation.

The cell-free extract may be isolated from cells of any species origin.For example, the cell-free extract may be isolated from human cells(e.g., HEK293 or HeLa cells). In one embodiment, the human cells thatcan be used in the methods of the present invention are HeLa cells,HEK293 cells, fibroblasts, neuroblastoma cells or cell lines, motorneuron cells or cell lines, human stem cells or cell lines. In analternative embodiment, murine cells are used such as mouse embryonicstem cells or cell lines. In a specific embodiment, cell-free extractsprepared from SMA patient cells or cell lines are used in the in vitrosplicing reactions, such as a cell-free extract from the GM03813 cellline.

Compounds

Using the cell-based assays described herein, applicants have identifiedcertain compounds that modulate inclusion of exon 7 of SMN2 into mRNAtranscribed from the SMN2 gene. Further, any compound can be tested forits ability to modulate inclusion of exon 7 of SMN2 into mRNAtranscribed from the SMN2 gene and to increase levels of SMN proteinproduced from the SMN2 gene using the screening assays described herein.Non-limiting examples of compounds include small molecules, peptides,proteins, and nucleic acids. In a specific embodiment, the compound is asmall molecule. In a specific embodiment, the compound is a compound ofFormula (I).

In one embodiment, a compound that modulates inclusion of exon 7 of SMN2into mRNA transcribed from the SMN2 gene binds directly to SMN2pre-mRNA. In another embodiment, a compound that modulates inclusion ofexon 7 of SMN2 into mRNA transcribed from the SMN2 gene does not binddirectly to SMN2 mRNA. In another embodiment, a compound that modulatesinclusion of exon 7 of SMN2 into mRNA transcribed from the SMN2 genebinds to a protein that modulates inclusion of exon 7 of SMN2 into mRNAtranscribed from the SMN2 gene. In yet another embodiment, a compoundthat modulates inclusion of exon 7 of SMN2 into mRNA transcribed fromthe SMN2 gene binds to a nucleotide regulatory sequence of a gene thatencodes a protein that modulates inclusion of exon 7 of SMN2 into mRNAtranscribed from the SMN2 gene.

In certain embodiments, a compound that modulates inclusion of exon 7 ofSMN2 into mRNA transcribed from the SMN2 gene is not sodium vanadate. Insome embodiments, a compound that modulates inclusion of exon 7 of SMN2into mRNA transcribed from the SMN2 gene is not a chemotherapeuticagent. In some embodiments, a compound that modulates inclusion of exon7 of SMN2 into mRNA transcribed from the SMN2 gene is not aclarubicin

In a certain embodiments, the compound is a nucleic acid. In oneembodiment, the compound is an antisense oligonucleotide. In anotherembodiment, the compound is an interfering RNA (RNAi) or microRNA(miRNA). RNAi comprises dsRNA that inhibits the expression of genes withcomplementary nucleotide sequences (Hannon G J. 2002. Science418(6894):244-510). In another embodiment, the compound is a smallinterfering RNA (siRNA), about 20-25 residues in length. In animals,microRNAs (miRNA) are single-stranded RNA molecules that arecomplementary to the UTR regions of specific messenger RNA (mRNA) andtypically inhibit protein translation of the mRNA (Ambros V., 2001. Cell107(7):823-6; Bartel. Cell 116:281 (2004); Bartel. Cell 136:215 (2009)).In a specific embodiment, the miRNA is about 20-25 residues in length.In another embodiment, a compound is a ribozyme. Ribozymes are RNAmolecules possessing endoribonuclease activity. Ribozymes are engineeredto cleave any RNA species site-specifically in the background ofcellular RNA. The cleavage renders the mRNA unstable and preventsprotein expression.

Assays for Detecting the Amount of mRNA Transcripts and the Amountand/or Activity of Proteins Encoded by SMN1 and SMN2

Compounds identified or validated in the assays described herein thatmodulate inclusion of exon 7 of SMN2 into mRNA transcribed from the SMN2gene may be further tested in in vitro assays or in vivo assayswell-known to one of skill in the art or described herein for the effectof said compounds on splicing of the SMN2 pre-mRNA. The selectivity of aparticular compound's effect on exon inclusion in the pre-mRNA of one ormore other genes (in a specific embodiment, a plurality of genes) canalso be determined utilizing assays well-known to one of skill in theart or described herein. For example, quantitative RT PCR and primerpairs spanning an alternatively spliced exon and its neighboring exonmay be used to determine inclusion of the alternatively spliced exon ina variety of genes. Another approach that may be used employs microarraytechnology where genes with alternative splice variants are representedby specific probe sets representing each splice variant. In anotherexample, a cell-based assay may be used, wherein host cells containingminigene constructs of genes with alternative splice variants arebrought into contact with the compound,

wherein the compound modulates splicing when the expression of the mRNAand/or protein encoded by the minigene or the activity of the proteinencoded by the minigene in the presence of the compound is alteredrelative to the expression of the mRNA and/or protein encoded by theminigene or the activity of the protein encoded by the minigene in theabsence of the compound or relative to the presence of a negativecontrol (e.g., PBS or DMSO and the like).

The expression of the gene products of SMN1 and SMN2 can be readilydetected, e.g., by quantifying the protein and/or RNA encoded by suchgenes.

Immunoprecipitation protocols generally comprise lysing a population ofcells in a lysis buffer such as RIPA buffer (1% NP-40 or Triton X-100,1% sodium deoxycholate, 0.1% SDS, 0.15 M NaCl, 0.01 M sodium phosphateat pH 7.2, 1% Trasylol) supplemented with protein phosphatase and/orprotease inhibitors (e.g., EDTA, PMSF, aprotinin, sodium vanadate),adding the antibody of interest to the cell lysate, incubating for aperiod of time (e.g., 1 to 4 hours) at 40° C., adding protein A and/orprotein G sepharose beads to the cell lysate, incubating for about anhour or more at 40° C., washing the beads in lysis buffer andresuspending the beads in SDS/sample buffer. The ability of the antibodyof interest to immunoprecipitate a particular antigen can be assessedby, e.g., western blot analysis. One skilled in the art would beknowledgeable as to the parameters that can be modified to increase thebinding of the antibody to an antigen and decrease the background (e.g.,pre-clearing the cell lysate with sepharose beads).

Western blot analysis generally comprises preparing protein samples,electrophoresis of the protein samples in a polyacrylamide gel (e.g.,8%-20% SDS-PAGE depending on the molecular weight of the antigen),transferring the protein sample from the polyacrylamide gel to amembrane such as nitrocellulose, PVDF or nylon, blocking the membrane inblocking solution (e.g., PBS with 3% BSA or non-fat milk), washing themembrane in washing buffer (e.g., PBS-Tween 20), incubating the membranewith primary antibody (the antibody of interest) diluted in blockingbuffer, washing the membrane in washing buffer, incubating the membranewith a secondary antibody (which recognizes the primary antibody, e.g.,an anti-human antibody) conjugated to an enzymatic substrate (e.g.,horseradish peroxidase or alkaline phosphatase) or radioactive isotope(e.g., ³²P or ¹²⁵I)-labeled molecule diluted in blocking buffer, washingthe membrane in wash buffer, and detecting the presence of the antigen.One of skill in the art would be knowledgeable as to the experimentalvariables that can be modified to increase the signal detected and toreduce the background signal.

ELISAs comprise preparing a solution of the antigen (for example, a celllysate containing the antigen of interest or a buffered solution of apurified antigen of interest), coating the wells of a 96 well microtiterplate with the antigen, washing the wells with an inert buffer solution,adding an antigen-recognizing antibody conjugated to a reporter compoundsuch as an enzymatic reporter (e.g., horseradish peroxidase or alkalinephosphatase) to the wells, incubating for a period of time, removing theexcess conjugated antibody, washing the wells extensively with an inertbuffer solution, and measuring the amount or the activity of retainedreporter. In ELISAs, the antibody of interest does not have to beconjugated to a reporter compound; instead, a second antibody (whichspecifically binds the antigen-recognizing antibody) conjugated to areporter compound may be added to the wells. Further, instead of coatingthe wells with the antigen, the antibody may be coated to the wellsfirst. In this case, a second antibody conjugated to a reporter compoundmay be added following the addition of the antigen of interest to thecoated wells. The antibody of interest does not have to be conjugated toa reporter compound; instead, a second antibody (which specificallybinds the antigen-recognizing antibody) conjugated to a reportercompound may be added to the wells. One skilled in the art would beknowledgeable as to the experimental variables that can be modified toincrease the signal detected as well as other variations of ELISAs knownin the art.

In a specific embodiment, the levels of endogenous SMN, SMNΔEx7 and/oranother protein encoded by SMN1 or SMN2 are determined by SMN In-CellELISA (SMN-ICE). SMN-ICE is an immunoreporter-based technique in whichcells are fixed, permeabilized, blocked and incubated with primary andsecondary antibodies. The secondary antibody is labeled with horseradishperoxidase (HRP) and the amount of HRP can be detected using known ELISAsubstrates. The SMN-ICE described and used herein is a variation ofassays described for use in human lymphocytes (see, Kolb et al., 2006.BMC Neurol. 6:6 and Sumner et al., 2006. Neurology, 66(7):1067-73).

An increased level of SMN compared to SMNΔEx7 protein in a host cellcontacted with a compound indicates that the compound is effective foruse in treating or preventing SMA. Specific examples of cell culturemodels from patients with SMA include, but are not limited to,fibroblast, amniocyte, and chorionic villous sampling (CVS) cellcultures (see, e.g., Patrizi et al., 1999. Eur J Hum Genet. 7:301-309).The in vivo effect of a compound can also be assayed by performingindirect immunofluorescence analysis of nuclear gem levels to determinethe compound's ability to elevate SMN proteins levels in a cell linesuch as SMA patient fibroblasts (see Wolstencroft et al., 2005 HumanMolecular Genetics 14(9):1199-1210).

Another antibody-based separation that can be used to detect the SMN,SMNΔEx7 and/or another protein encoded by SMN1 or SMN2 is the use offlow cytometry such as by a fluorescence-activated cell sorter (“FACS”).Briefly, cells are fixed, permeabilized and blocked with excess proteinin a FACS buffer. The suspended mixture of cells is centrifuged andre-suspended in a FACS buffer. Antibodies which are conjugated to afluorophore are added to allow the binding of the antibodies to specificproteins. In some embodiments, secondary antibodies that are conjugatedto the fluorophores can be used to detect primary antibodies specific tothe protein of interest. The cell mixture is then washed by one or morecentrifugation and resuspension steps. The mixture is run through a FACSwhich separates the cells based on different fluorescencecharacteristics. FACS systems are available in varying levels ofperformance and ability, including multi-color analysis. The intactcells can be identified by a characteristic profile of forward and sidescatter which is influenced by size and granularity, as well as bylevels of expression of proteins directly or indirectly bound by thefluorochrome-conjugated antibody.

Further, the ability of a compound to affect the activity of SMN can bedetermined by assays that determine snRNP assembly efficiency, since ithas been demonstrated that SMN is required for snRNP assembly (see Yonget al., 2004. Trends Cell Biol 14:226-232). snRNP assembly can beassayed by any method known to one skilled in the art.

Methods for Characterizing Compounds that Modulate Inclusion of exon 7of SMN2 into mRNA Transcribed from the SMN2 Gene

Cytotoxicity Assays

Compounds may be tested for cytotoxicity in mammalian, preferably human,cell lines. In certain embodiments, cytotoxicity is assessed in one ormore of the following cell lines: U937, a human monocyte cell line;primary peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC); Huh7, a humanhepatoblastoma cell line; HEK293T and HEK293H, human embryonic kidneycell lines; and THP-1, monocytic cells; a HeLa cell line; fibroblasts orother cell types isolated from SMA patients; SMA patient-derived cells,e.g., the GM03813 cells, GM09677 cells, GM00232 cells, and B lymphocyteGM10684 cells; and neuroblastoma cell lines, such as MC-IXC, SK-N-MC,SK-N-MC, SK-N-DZ, SH-SY5Y and BE(2)-C. In general, many assays known toone skilled in the art can be used to assess viability of cells or celllines following exposure to a compound and, thus, determine thecytotoxicity of the compound.

Animal Model-Based Screens

Compounds identified in the assays described herein can be tested forbiological activity using animal models for SMA. Non-limiting examplesinclude animals engineered to contain SMN coupled to a functionalreadout system, such as a transgenic mouse. Such animal model systemsinclude, but are not limited to, rats, mice, chicken, cows, monkeys,pigs, dogs, rabbits, etc. In a specific embodiment, a compound is testedin a mouse model system.

The anti-SMA activity of a compound can be determined by administeringthe compound to an animal model and verifying that the compound iseffective in reducing the severity of SMA in said animal model. Examplesof animal models for SMA include, but are not limited to, SMA animalmodels described by Monani et al. (2000, Human Molecular Genetics9(16)2451-2457) and Charlotte J. Sumner (2006, NeuroRx 3(2):235-245). Ina specific embodiment, a mouse model expresses a human SMNJ and/or SMN2gene.

Physiological Assays in SMA Patients

The ability of a compound or composition comprising a compound to treatSMA can be assayed by assessing muscle strength, motor function, andpulmonary function in patients diagnosed with SMA. Muscle strength canbe assessed by using any method known to those skilled in the art,including, but not limited to, use of a hand held dynamometer. Muscletesting can be performed to assess right and left hand grip, right andleft knee extension, right and left knee flexion, and right and leftelbow flexion. Motor function can be assessed by a patient's ability tolie down, roll, sit, crawl, kneel, stand, walk, run and jump. Pulmonaryfunction tests can be performed on patients according to AmericanThoracic Society standards, and include, but are not limited to maximuminspriatory pressure, maximum expiratory pressure, cough pressure,forced vital capacity, forced expiratory volume in the first second, andmeasurement of lung volume.

Compositions

Any compound described herein may optionally be in the form of acomposition comprising the compound and an optional carrier, excipientor diluent. Other embodiments provided herein include pharmaceuticalcompositions comprising an effective amount of a compound and apharmaceutically acceptable carrier, excipient, or diluent. Thepharmaceutical compositions are suitable for veterinary and/or humanadministration. The pharmaceutical compositions provided herein can bein any form that allows for the composition to be administered to asubject.

In a specific embodiment and in this context, the term “pharmaceuticallyacceptable carrier, excipient or diluent” means a carrier, excipient ordiluent approved by a regulatory agency of the Federal or a stategovernment or listed in the U.S. Pharmacopeia or other generallyrecognized pharmacopeia for use in animals, and more particularly inhumans. The term “carrier” refers to a diluent, adjuvant (e.g., Freund'sadjuvant (complete and incomplete)), excipient, or vehicle with whichthe therapeutic is administered. Such pharmaceutical carriers can besterile liquids, such as water and oils, including those of petroleum,animal, vegetable or synthetic origin, such as peanut oil, soybean oil,mineral oil, sesame oil and the like. Water is a specific carrier whenthe pharmaceutical composition is administered intravenously. Salinesolutions and aqueous dextrose and glycerol solutions can also beemployed as liquid carriers, particularly for injectable solutions.

Typical compositions and dosage forms comprise one or more excipients.Suitable excipients are well-known to those skilled in the art ofpharmacy, and non limiting examples of suitable excipients includestarch, glucose, lactose, sucrose, gelatin, malt, rice, flour, chalk,silica gel, sodium stearate, glycerol monostearate, talc, sodiumchloride, dried skim milk, glycerol, propylene, glycol, water, ethanoland the like. Whether a particular excipient is suitable forincorporation into a pharmaceutical composition or dosage form dependson a variety of factors well known in the art including, but not limitedto, the way in which the dosage form will be administered to a patientand the specific active ingredients in the dosage form. The compositionor single unit dosage form, if desired, can also contain minor amountsof wetting or emulsifying agents, or pH buffering agents. Furtherprovided herein are anhydrous pharmaceutical compositions and dosageforms comprising one or more compounds of the present invention. Thecompositions and single unit dosage forms can take the form ofsolutions, suspensions, emulsion, tablets, pills, capsules, powders,sustained-release formulations and the like.

Pharmaceutical compositions provided herein that are suitable for oraladministration can be presented as discrete dosage forms, such as, butare not limited to, tablets (e.g., chewable tablets), caplets, capsules,and liquids (e.g., flavored syrups). Such dosage forms containpredetermined amounts of active ingredients, and may be prepared bymethods of pharmacy well known to those skilled in the art.

Because of their ease of administration, tablets and capsules representthe most advantageous oral dosage unit forms, in which case solidexcipients are employed. In general, pharmaceutical compositions anddosage forms are prepared by uniformly and intimately admixing theactive ingredients with liquid carriers, finely divided solid carriers,or both, and then shaping the product into the desired presentation ifnecessary.

Examples of excipients that can be used in oral dosage forms providedherein include, but are not limited to, binders, fillers, disintegrants,and lubricants.

Therapeutic Methods

The invention provides methods for enhancing the inclusion of exon 7 ofSMN2 into mRNA transcribed from the SMN2 gene, comprising administeringto a human subject in need thereof an effective amount of a compound ora pharmaceutical composition thereof identified as the one thatincreases the inclusion of exon 7 of SMN2 into mRNA transcribed from theSMN2 gene. In a specific embodiment, the invention provides a method forenhancing inclusion of exon 7 of SMN2 into mRNA transcribed from theSMN2 gene, and thus for increasing levels of SMN protein produced fromthe SMN2 gene, in a human subject in need thereof, comprisingadministering an effective amount of a compound or a pharmaceuticalcomposition thereof to the human subject, in which said compoundenhances, in vitro or in cultured cells, the amount and/or activity of afusion protein encoded by a minigene described herein.

The present invention also provides a method for treating SMA in a humansubject, comprising administering to a human subject in need thereof acompound or a pharmaceutical composition thereof identified as enhancingthe inclusion of exon 7 of SMN2 into mRNA transcribed from the SMN2gene. In a specific embodiment, the present invention provides a methodfor treating SMA in a human subject, comprising administering aneffective amount of a compound to a human subject in need thereof, inwhich said compound enhances, in vitro or in cultured cells, theexpression of a fusion protein encoded by a minigene described herein.In certain embodiments, the compound is not sodium vanadate. In someembodiments, the compound is not a chemotherapeutic agent. In someembodiments, the compound is not aclarubicin. In certain embodiments,the compound is not one or more of the following: riluzole, gabapentin,phenylbutyrate, hydroroxyurea, L aetyl carnitine, indoprofen,aminoglycosides, cardiotrophin 1, and histone deacetylase (HDAC)inhibitors such as, sodium butyrate, phenylybutyrate, valproic acid,suberoyl anilide hydrorxamic acid and the compounds identified byHeemskerk et al. (2207, International Patent Application No.PCT/US2007/006772). In another embodiment, the compound is a compound ofFormula (I) or a form thereof.

A compound or a composition thereof may be used in conjunction withanother therapy (e.g., a palliative therapy) for SMA. In a specificembodiment, two or more compounds may be used to treat SMA. In specificembodiments, a compound or a composition thereof is the only activeingredient administered to treat SMA.

In some embodiments, a compound or a pharmaceutical composition thereofthat is administered to a subject enhances the inclusion of exon 7 ofSMN2 into mRNA transcribed from the SMN2 gene, and thus results in a 2%,3%, 4%, 5%, 10%, 15%, 20%, 25%, 35%, 45%, 50%, 55%, 65%, 70%, 75%, 80%,85%, 90%, 95%, 100%, 150%, 200%, 300%, 400%, 500% or more increase inSMN protein relative to a negative control (e.g., PBS or 0.5-1.0% DMSO),as determined by a cell-based or cell-free assay described herein.

In some embodiments, a compound or a pharmaceutical composition thereofthat is administered to a subject and enhances the inclusion of exon 7of SMN2 into mRNA transcribed from the SMN2 gene, increases levels ofSMN protein produced from the SMN2 gene by 2%, 3%, 4%, 5%, 10%, 15%,20%, 25%, 35%, 45%, 50%, 55%, 65%, 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, 95%, 100%,150%, 200%, 300%, 400%, 500% or more relative to a negative control asdetermined by assays known in the art, e.g., western blotting, ELISA,flow cytometry.

In a specific embodiments, a compound or a pharmaceutical compositionthereof that is administered to a subject enhances the inclusion of exon7 of SMN2 into mRNA transcribed from the SMN2 gene by 2%, 3%, 4%, 5%,10%, 15%, 20%, 25%, 35%, 45%, 50%, 55%, 65%, 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%,95%, 100%, 150%, 200%, 300%, 400%, 500% or more relative to a negativecontrol, as determined by detecting SMN2 mRNA containing exon 7 or afragment thereof (e.g., Northern blot or RT-PCR or quantitative RT PCR).

The effective amount of a compound or a pharmaceutical compositionthereof to be used depends on a number of factors, including but notlimited to the type of SMA, health and age of the patient, and toxicityor side effects. The present invention encompasses methods for treatingSMA for which no treatment is available. The present invention alsoencompasses methods for treating SMA as an alternative to conventionaltherapies.

The present invention also provides methods of treating SMA in a subjectin need thereof, said methods comprising administering to the subjectone or more of the compounds with one or more additional agents. In oneembodiment, one or more compounds are administered to the subject incombination with a supportive therapy, a pain relief therapy, or othertherapy that does not have an effect per se on SMA.

One or more compounds or a pharmaceutical composition thereof may beadministered to a subject to treat SMA in any order. In addition, one ormore compounds and one or more other therapies (e.g., therapeuticagents) may be administered in any order to a subject to treat SMA.

A combination product of one or more compounds and one or moreadditional agents can be administered sequentially or concurrently. Forexample, one or more compounds may be administered to a subject incombination with an agent that increases the transcription of the SMN2gene.

In a specific embodiment, the combination product of the presentinvention may improve the therapeutic effect of the compound and theagent by functioning together to have an additive or synergistic effect.In another embodiment, the combination product of the present inventionmay reduce the side effects associated with each compound and agent whentaken alone.

The therapeutic agents of a combination product can be administered to asubject in the same pharmaceutical composition. Alternatively, thetherapeutic agents of the combination product can be administeredconcurrently to a subject in separate pharmaceutical compositions. Thetherapeutic agents may be administered to a subject by the same ordifferent routes of administration.

Patient Population

In some embodiments, a compound or pharmaceutical composition thereof isadministered to a subject suffering from SMA. In other embodiments, acompound or pharmaceutical composition thereof is administered to asubject predisposed or susceptible to SMA. In some embodiments, acompound or pharmaceutical composition thereof is administered to asubject with Type 0 SMA. In some embodiments, a compound orpharmaceutical composition thereof is administered to a subject withType 1 SMA. In other embodiments, a compound or pharmaceuticalcomposition thereof is administered to a subject with Type 2 SMA. Inother embodiments, a compound or pharmaceutical composition thereof isadministered to a subject with Type 3 SMA. In some embodiments, acompound or pharmaceutical composition thereof is administered to asubject with Type 4 SMA.

In certain embodiments, a compound or pharmaceutical composition thereofis administered to a human that has an age in a range of from about 0months to about 6 months old, from about 6 to about 12 months old, fromabout 6 to about 18 months old, from about 18 to about 36 months old,from about 1 to about 5 years old, from about 5 to about 10 years old,from about 10 to about 15 years old, from about 15 to about 20 yearsold, from about 20 to about 25 years old, from about 25 to about 30years old, from about 30 to about 35 years old, from about 35 to about40 years old, from about 40 to about 45 years old, from about 45 toabout 50 years old, from about 50 to about 55 years old, from about 55to about 60 years old, from about 60 to about 65 years old, from about65 to about 70 years old, from about 70 to about 75 years old, fromabout 75 to about 80 years old, from about 80 to about 85 years old,from about 85 to about 90 years old, from about 90 to about 95 years oldor from about 95 to about 100 years old.

In some embodiments, a compound or pharmaceutical composition thereof isadministered to a human infant. In other embodiments, a compound orpharmaceutical composition thereof is administered to a human toddler.In other embodiments, a compound or pharmaceutical composition thereofis administered to a human child. In other embodiments, a compound orpharmaceutical composition thereof is administered to a human adult. Inyet other embodiments, a compound or pharmaceutical composition thereofis administered to an elderly human.

In certain embodiments, a compound or pharmaceutical composition thereofis administered a subject in an immunocompromised state orimmunosuppressed state or at risk for becoming immunocompromised orimmunosuppressed. In certain embodiments, a compound or pharmaceuticalcomposition thereof is administered to a subject receiving or recoveringfrom immunosuppressive therapy. In certain embodiments, a compound orpharmaceutical composition thereof is administered to a subject that hascystic fibrosis, pulmonary fibrosis or another condition affecting thelungs.

In some embodiments, a compound or pharmaceutical composition thereof isadministered to a patient to treat the onset of SMA in a patient at riskof developing SMA. In some embodiments, a compound or pharmaceuticalcomposition thereof is administered to a patient who is susceptible toadverse reactions to conventional therapies. In some embodiments, acompound or pharmaceutical composition thereof is administered to apatient who has proven refractory to therapies other than compounds, butare no longer on these therapies. In certain embodiments, the patientsbeing treated in accordance with the methods of this invention arepatients already being treated with antibiotics, anti-virals,anti-fungals, or other biological therapy/immunotherapy. Among thesepatients are refractory patients, and patients who are too young forconventional therapies.

In some embodiments, the subject being administered a compound orpharmaceutical composition thereof has not received therapy prior to theadministration of the compound or pharmaceutical composition thereof.

Mode of Administration

When administered to a patient, a compound is preferably administered asa component of a composition that optionally comprises apharmaceutically acceptable carrier, excipient or diluent. Thecomposition can be administered orally, or by any other convenientroute, for example, by infusion or bolus injection, by absorptionthrough epithelial or mucocutaneous linings (e.g., oral mucosa, rectal,and intestinal mucosa) and may be administered together with anotherbiologically active agent. Administration can be systemic or local.Various delivery systems are known, e.g., encapsulation in liposomes,microparticles, microcapsules, capsules, and can be used to administerthe compound.

Methods of administration include but are not limited to parenteral,intradermal, intramuscular, intraperitoneal, intravenous, subcutaneous,intranasal, epidural, oral, sublingual, intranasal, intracerebral,intravaginal, transdermal, rectally, by inhalation, or topically,particularly to the ears, nose, eyes, or skin. The mode ofadministration is left to the discretion of the practitioner. In mostinstances, administration will result in the release of a compound intothe bloodstream. In a specific embodiment, a compound is administeredorally.

Dosage and Frequency of Administration

The amount of a compound that will be effective in the treatment of SMAcan be determined by standard clinical techniques. In vitro or in vivoassays may optionally be employed to help identify optimal dosageranges. The precise dose to be employed will also depend, e.g., on theroute of administration, the type of SMA, and the seriousness of theSMA, and should be decided according to the judgment of the practitionerand each patient's or subject's circumstances.

Exemplary doses of a compound include milligram (mg) or microgram (m)amounts per kilogram (Kg) of subject or sample weight per day (e.g.,from about 1 μg per Kg to about 500 mg per Kg per day, from about 5 μgper Kg to about 100 mg per Kg per day, or from about 10 μg per Kg toabout 100 mg per Kg per day. In specific embodiments, a daily dose is atleast 0.1 mg, 0.5 mg, 1.0 mg, 2.0 mg, 5.0 mg, 10 mg, 25 mg, 50 mg, 75mg, 100 mg, 150 mg, 250 mg, 500 mg, 750 mg, or at least 1 g. In anotherembodiment, the dosage is a unit dose of about 0.1 mg, 1 mg, 5 mg, 10mg, 50 mg, 100 mg, 150 mg, 200 mg, 250 mg, 300 mg, 350 mg, 400 mg, 500mg, 550 mg, 600 mg, 650 mg, 700 mg, 750 mg, 800 mg or more. In anotherembodiment, the dosage is a unit dose that ranges from about 0.1 mg toabout 1000 mg, 1 mg to about 1000 mg, 5 mg to about 1000 mg, about 10 mgto about 500 mg, about 150 mg to about 500 mg, about 150 mg to about1000 mg, 250 mg to about 1000 mg, about 300 mg to about 1000 mg, orabout 500 mg to about 1000 mg. In another embodiment, a subject isadministered one or more doses of an effective amount of a compound or acomposition, wherein the effective amount is not the same for each dose.

Combination Products

Additional agents that can be used in a combination product withcompounds of the present invention for the treatment of SMA include, butare not limited to, small molecules, synthetic drugs, peptides(including cyclic peptides), polypeptides, proteins, nucleic acids(e.g., DNA and RNA nucleotides including, but not limited to, antisensenucleotide sequences, triple helices, RNAi, and nucleotide sequencesencoding biologically active proteins, polypeptides or peptides),antibodies, synthetic or natural inorganic molecules, mimetic agents,and synthetic or natural organic molecules. Specific examples of suchagents include, but are not limited to, immunomodulatory agents (e.g.,interferon), anti-inflammatory agents (e.g., adrenocorticoids,corticosteroids (e.g., beclomethasone, budesonide, flunisolide,fluticasone, triamcinolone, methylprednisolone, prednisolone,prednisone, hydrocortisone), glucocorticoids, steriods, andnon-steriodal anti-inflammatory drugs (e.g., aspirin, ibuprofen,diclofenac, and COX-2 inhibitors), pain relievers, leukotreineantagonists (e.g., montelukast, methyl xanthines, zafirlukast, andzileuton), beta2-agonists (e.g., albuterol, biterol, fenoterol,isoetharie, metaproterenol, pirbuterol, salbutamol, terbutalinformoterol, salmeterol, and salbutamol terbutaline), anticholinergicagents (e.g., ipratropium bromide and oxitropium bromide),sulphasalazine, penicillamine, dapsone, antihistamines, anti-malarialagents (e.g., hydroxychloroquine), anti-viral agents (e.g., nucleosideanalogs (e.g., zidovudine, acyclovir, gangcyclovir, vidarabine,idoxuridine, trifluridine, and ribavirin), foscarnet, amantadine,rimantadine, saquinavir, indinavir, ritonavir, and AZT) and antibiotics(e.g., dactinomycin (formerly actinomycin), bleomycin, erythomycin,penicillin, mithramycin, and anthramycin (AMC)).

Any therapy which is known to be useful, or which has been used, will beused or is currently being used for the treatment of SMA can be used incombination with compounds in accordance with the invention describedherein. Therapeutics that can be used in combination with compoundsinclude, but are not limited to riluzole, gabapentin, phenylbutyrate,hydroroxyurea, L aetyl carnitine, indoprofen, aminoglycosides,cardiotrophin 1, and histone deacetylase (HDAC) inhibitors such as,sodium butyrate, phenylybutyrate, valproic acid, suberoyl anilidehydrorxamic acid (see, e.g., Charlotte J. Sumner, 2006. NeuroRx,3(2):235-245). In one embodiment, therapeutics that can be used incombination with compounds include these agents identified by Heemskerket al. (2207, International Patent Application No. PCT/US2007/006772).In certain embodiments, therapeutics that can be used in combinationwith compounds include, but are not limited to, a chemotherapeutic andsodium vandate. In certain embodiments, the therapeutics that can beused in combination with compounds include aclarubicin.

Kits

The present invention provides kits comprising a nucleic acid constructdescribed herein, in one or more containers, and instructions for use.In a specific embodiment, a kit comprises, in a container, a nucleicacid construct comprising a minigene, wherein the minigene comprises, in5′ to 3′ order: (i) the nucleic acid residues of exon 6 of SMN or afragment thereof, the nucleic acid residues of intron 6 of SMN or afragment thereof, the nucleic acid residues of exon 7 of SMN2 or afragment thereof, the nucleic acid residues of intron 7 of SMN or afragment thereof and a fragment of the nucleic acid residues of exon 8of SMN, wherein either a single adenine, thymine or cytosine is insertedafter nucleic acid residues of exon 7 of SMN2 or a fragment thereof, ora single nucleotide is inserted after nucleic acid residue 45, 46 or 47of exon 7 of SMN2 or a fragment thereof, and (ii) a reporter gene fusedin frame to the nucleic acid residues of exon 8 of SMN or a fragmentthereof, wherein the reporter gene does not have a start codon. In aspecific embodiment, the minigene has a start codon (e.g., ATG or anon-canonical start codon) added to the 5′ end of exon 6 of SMN or afragment thereof.

In a specific embodiment, a kit comprises, in a container, a nucleicacid construct comprising a minigene, wherein the minigene comprises, in5′ to 3′ order: the nucleic acid residues of exon 6 of SMN, the nucleicacid residues of intron 6 of SMN, the nucleic acid residues of exon 7 ofSMN2, the nucleic acid residues of intron 7 of SMN, a fragment of exon 8of SMN, and the nucleic acid residues of the coding sequence of areporter gene lacking a start codon, wherein either a single adenine,thymine or cytosine residue is inserted after nucleic acid residue 48 ofthe nucleic acid residues of exon 7 of SMN2, or a single nucleotide isinserted after nucleic acid residue 45, 46 or 47 of exon 7 of SMN2. Inone aspect, the minigene comprises a start codon 5′ to the nucleic acidresidues of exon 6 of SMN, wherein the first codon of the codingsequence of the reporter gene and the start codon of the minigene are inthe same open reading frame.

In a specific embodiment, a kit comprises, in a container, a nucleicacid construct comprising a minigene, wherein the minigene comprises, in5′ to 3′ order: the nucleic acid residues of exon 6 of SMN or a fragmentthereof, the nucleic acid residues of intron 6 of SMN or a fragmentthereof, the nucleic acid residues of exon 7 of SMN2, the nucleic acidresidues of intron 7 of SMN or a fragment thereof, a fragment of exon 8of SMN, and the nucleic acid residues of the coding sequence of areporter gene lacking a start codon, wherein either a single adenine,thymine or cytosine residue is inserted after nucleic acid residue 48 ofthe nucleic acid residues of exon 7 of SMN2, or a single nucleotide isinserted after nucleic acid residue 45, 46 or 47 of exon 7 of SMN2, andwherein the first start codon of the fragment of the nucleic acidresidues of exon 6 of SMN and the first codon of the coding sequence ofthe reporter gene are in the same open reading frame.

In a specific embodiment, a kit comprises, in a container, a nucleicacid construct comprising a minigene, wherein the minigene comprises, in5′ to 3′ order: a start codon, the nucleic acid residues of exon 6 ofSMN or a fragment thereof, the nucleic acid residues of intron 6 of SMNor a fragment thereof, the nucleic acid residues of exon 7 of SMN2, thenucleic acid residues of intron 7 of SMN or a fragment thereof, afragment of exon 8 of SMN, and the nucleic acid residues of the codingsequence of a reporter gene lacking a start codon, wherein either asingle adenine, thymine or cytosine residue is inserted after nucleicacid residue 48 of the nucleic acid residues of exon 7 of SMN2, or asingle nucleotide is inserted after nucleic acid residue 45, 46 or 47 ofexon 7 of SMN2, and wherein the first codon of the coding sequence ofthe reporter gene and the first start codon of the minigene are in thesame open reading frame.

In a specific embodiment, a kit comprises, in a container, a nucleicacid construct comprising a minigene, wherein the minigene comprises, in5′ to 3′ order: nucleic acid residues encoding a first amino acidsequence, the nucleic acid residues of intron 6 of SMN or a fragmentthereof, the nucleic acid residues of exon 7 of SMN2, the nucleic acidresidues of intron 7 of SMN or a fragment thereof, nucleic acid residuesencoding a second amino acid sequence, and the nucleic acid residues ofthe coding sequence of a reporter gene lacking a start codon, wherein(i) either a single adenine, thymine or cytosine residue is insertedafter nucleic acid residue 48 of the nucleic acid residues of exon 7 ofSMN2, or a single nucleotide is inserted after nucleic acid residue 45,46 or 47 of exon 7 of SMN2; (ii) the nucleic acid residues encoding thefirst amino acid sequence include a start codon; (iii) the nucleic acidresidues encoding the first and second amino acid sequences permitremoval of an intron via mRNA splicing, and (iv) the first codon of thecoding sequence of the reporter gene and the start codon of the nucleicacid residues encoding the first amino acid sequence are in the sameopen reading frame.

In a specific embodiment, a kit comprises, in a container, a nucleicacid construct comprising a minigene, wherein the minigene comprises, in5′ to 3′ order: a start codon, nucleic acid residues encoding a firstamino acid sequence, the nucleic acid residues of intron 6 of SMN or afragment thereof, the nucleic acid residues of exon 7 of SMN2, thenucleic acid residues of intron 7 of SMN or a fragment thereof, nucleicacid residues encoding a second amino acid sequence, and the nucleicacid residues of the coding sequence of a reporter gene lacking a startcodon, wherein (i) either a single adenine, thymine or cytosine residueis inserted after nucleic acid residue 48 of the nucleic acid residuesof exon 7 of SMN2, or a single nucleotide is inserted after nucleic acidresidue 45, 46 or 47 of exon 7 of SMN2; (ii) the nucleic acid residuesencoding the first and second amino acid sequences permit removal of anintron via mRNA splicing, and (iii) the first codon of the codingsequence of the reporter gene and the first start codon of the minigeneare in the same open reading frame.

In some embodiments, a kit further comprises a positive and/or negativecontrol nucleic acid construct such as described herein.

In one embodiment, the positive control nucleic acid construct comprisesa minigene, wherein the minigene comprises, in 5′ to 3′ order: (i) anucleic acid residues of exon 6 of SMN or a fragment thereof, thenucleic acid residues of intron 6 of SMN or a fragment thereof, thenucleic acid residues of exon 7 of SMN1 or a fragment thereof, thenucleic acid residues of intron 7 of SMN or a fragment thereof, and afragment of the nucleic acid residues of exon 8 of SMN, wherein either asingle adenine, thymine or cytosine residue is inserted after nucleicacid residue 48 of exon 7 of SMN1, or a single nucleotide is insertedafter nucleic acid residue 45, 46 or 47 of exon 7 of SMN1; and (ii) areporter gene fused in frame to the nucleic acid residues of exon 8 ofSMN or a fragment thereof, wherein the reporter gene does not have astart codon. In a specific embodiment, the minigene has a start codonadded to the 5′ end of exon 6 of SMN or a fragment thereof.

In another embodiment, the positive control nucleic acid constructcomprises a minigene, wherein the minigene comprises, in 5′ to 3′ order:a start codon, the nucleic acid residues of exon 6 of SMN, the nucleicacid residues of intron 6 of SMN, the nucleic acid residues of exon 7 ofSMN1, the nucleic acid residues of intron 7 of SMN, a fragment of exon 8of SMN, and the nucleic acid residues of the coding sequence of areporter gene lacking a start codon, wherein either a single adenine,thymine or cytosine residue is inserted after nucleic acid residue 48 ofthe nucleic acid residues of exon 7 of SMN1, or a single nucleotide isinserted after nucleic acid residue 45, 46 or 47 of exon 7 of SMN1, andwherein the first codon of the coding sequence of the reporter gene andthe start codon of the minigene are in the same open reading frame. Incertain embodiments, the nucleic acid constructs recited herein where asingle adenine, thymine, or cytosine residue is inserted after nucleicacid residue 48 of the nucleic acid residues of exon 7 of SMN2 or asingle nucleotide is inserted after nucleic residue 45, 46, or 47 of thenucleic acid residues of exon 7 of SMN2, the nucleic acid residues ofexon 7 of SMN1 may be used instead to generate a positive control.

In one embodiment, the negative control nucleic acid construct comprisesa minigene, wherein the minigene comprises, in 5′ to 3′ order: (i) thenucleic acid residues of exon 6 of SMN or a fragment thereof, thenucleic acid residues of intron 6 of SMN or a fragment thereof, thenucleic acid residues of exon 7 of SMN2 or a fragment thereof, thenucleic acid residues of intron 7 or a fragment thereof, and a fragmentof the nucleic acid residues of exon 8 of SMN, wherein a guanine isinserted after nucleic acid residue 48 of exon 7 of SMN2, and (ii) areporter gene fused in frame to the nucleic acid residues of exon 8 ofSMN or a fragment thereof, wherein the reporter gene does not have astart codon. In a specific embodiment, the minigene has a start codonadded to the 5′ end of the nucleic acid residues of exon 6 of SMN or afragment thereof.

In another embodiment, the negative control nucleic acid constructcomprises a minigene, wherein the minigene comprises, in 5′ to 3′ order:a start codon, the nucleic acid residues of exon 6 of SMN, the nucleicacid residues of intron 6 of SMN, the nucleic acid residues of exon 7 ofSMN2, the nucleic acid residues of intron 7 of SMN, a fragment of exon 8of SMN, and the nucleic acid residues of the coding sequence of areporter gene lacking a start codon, wherein a guanine is inserted afternucleic acid residue 48 of exon 7 of SMN2, and wherein the first codonof the coding sequence of the reporter gene and the start codon of theminigene are in the same open reading frame. In certain embodiments, asa negative control, the nucleic acid constructs recited herein contain asingle guanine after nucleic acid residue 48 of the nucleic acidresidues of exon 7 of SMN2 rather than a single adenine, thymine, orcytosine residue inserted after nucleic acid residue 48 of the nucleicacid residues of exon 7 of SMN2 or a single nucleotide inserted afternucleic residue 45, 46, or 47 of the nucleic acid residues of exon 7 ofSMN2.

In some embodiments, a kit further comprises a positive and/or negativecontrol agent. For example, in one embodiment, the negative controlagent is DMSO or PBS. In another embodiment, the positive control is acompound of Formula (I) or a form thereof.

In some embodiments, a kit further comprises components for in vitrotranscription. In some embodiments, a kit further comprises a cell-freeextract.

Systems

Presented herein are systems comprising a kit or a component(s) of thekits presented herein and a computer program product for use inconjunction with a computer system. In such systems, the computerprogram product can comprise a computer readable storage medium and acomputer program mechanism embedded therein. The computer programmechanism may comprise instructions for evaluating the amount oractivity of a fusion protein encoded by a nucleic acid constructdescribed herein. The computer program mechanism may comprisesinstructions for evaluating the amount of a mRNA transcript containingexon 7 of SMN2 or a fragment thereof transcribed from a minigene or theSMN2 gene.

EXAMPLES Cryptic Splice Site

This example demonstrates that insertion of a guanine residue insertedafter nucleotide 48 of exon 7 of SMN2 in a nucleic acid construct of thepresent invention results in the creation of a cryptic splice site. As aresult, such a construct does not reproduce the splicing reaction thatoccurs at the 5′ splice site of intron 7 of SMN2, and thus, theconstruct cannot be used to screen for compounds that may modulate theinclusion of exon 7 of SMN2 into mRNA transcribed from the SMN2 gene.

Materials and Methods Preparation of the Minigene Constructs

DNA corresponding to a region of the SMN2 gene starting from the 5′ endof exon 6 (ATAATTCCCCC) (SEQ ID No.: 1) and ending at nucleic acidresidue 23 of exon 8 (CAGCAC) (SEQ ID No.: 2) was amplified by PCR usingthe following primers:

Forward primer: (SEQ ID No.: 3) 5′-CGCGGATCCATAATTCCCCCACCACCTC-3′Reverse primer: (SEQ ID No.: 4) 5′-CGCGGATCCGTGCTGCTCTATGCCAGCA-3′

The 5′ end of each primer was designed to add a BamHI site at both the5′ end of exon 6 (GGATCC) (SEQ ID No.:5) and the 3′ end after the23^(rd) nucleotide of exon 8. Using the BamHI restriction sites, the PCRfragment was cloned into a derivative of the original pcDNA 3.1/Hygrovector which was modified as disclosed in United States PatentPublication US2005/0048549.

New UTRs were added to the modified vector using the HindIII site andthe BamHI site comprising a 5′DEG UTR:5′-TAGCTTCTTACCCGTACTCCACCGTTGGCAGCACGATCGCACGTCCCACGTGAACCATTGGTAAACCCTG-3′ (SEQ ID No.: 6) was cloned into the modifiedpcDNA3.1/Hygro vector together with a start codon upstream of the BamHIsite; and

a 3′DEG UTR: 5′-ATCGAAAGTACAGGACTAGCCTTCCTAGCAACCGCGGGCTGGGAGTCTGAGACATCACTCAAGATATATGCTCGGTAACGTATGCTCTAGCCATCTAACTATTCCCTATGTCTTATAGGG-3′ (SEQ ID No.: 7) was cloned into the modifiedpcDNA3.1/Hygro vector using the NotI site and the XhoI site with a stopcodon immediately downstream of the NotI site. In addition, a luciferasegene lacking its start codon was cloned into the vector using the BamHIand NotI sites.

The resulting minigene comprises, in 5′ to 3′ order: the 5′-DEG UTR, thestart codon, six additional nucleotides forming a BamHI site, thenucleic acid residues of exon 6, the nucleic acid residues of intron 6of SMN2, the nucleic acid residues of exon 7 of SMN2, the nucleic acidresidues of intron 7 of SMN2, and the first 23 nucleic acid residues ofexon 8 of SMN2, an additional six nucleotides forming a BamHI site andthe luciferase gene lacking the start codon.

A single adenine, thymine, cytosine or guanine residue was insertedafter nucleotide 48 of exon 7 of SMN2 by site-directed mutagenesis. Thedifferent minigene constructs produced are referred to by the respectivenucleotide that was inserted as SMN2-A, SMN2-T, SMN2-C and SMN2-G,respectively.

To generate the SMN1 version of the minigene, the sixth nucleotide ofexon 7 (a thymine residue) was changed to cytosine using site directedmutagenesis.

The modification was performed for all versions of the SMN2 minigeneconstruct (SMN2-A, SMN2-T, SMN2-C and SMN2-G) to provide the resultingSMN1 minigene constructs referred to as SMN1-A, SMN1-T, SMN1-C andSMN1-G, respectively.

Results

SMN1 and SMN2 transcripts derived from minigenes containing exon 6through 8 and the intervening introns recapitulate the splicing of theirendogenous pre-mRNAs (Lorson et al, 1999, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.96(11):6307-6311). An SMN2-alternative splicing reporter construct whichcontains exons 6 to 8 and the intervening introns followed by aluciferase reporter gene was generated. Salient features of thisconstruct are the lack of the start codon in the luciferase gene,inactivation of the termination codon (in the open reading frame thatencodes the SMN protein) of exon 7 by insertion of a nucleotide afternucleic acid 48 of exon 7 and addition of a start codon (ATG)immediately upstream of exon 6. Four versions of the SMN2 minigene weregenerated in which a single adenine (SMN2-A), thymine (SMN2-T), cytosine(SMN2-C) or guanine (SMN2-G) residue was inserted after nucleic residue48 of exon 7.

The SMN2 minigene was designed such that the luciferase reporter is inframe with the ATG codon immediately upstream of exon 6 when exon 7 ispresent in the mRNA and the luciferase reporter is out of frame with theATG codon immediately upstream of exon 6 if exon 7 of SMN2 is removedduring splicing of the pre-mRNA. In addition, in the absence of exon 7,the open reading frame that starts from the ATG codon immediatelyupstream of exon 6 contains a stop codon in the fragment of exon 8 ofSMN. Thus, in the presence of compounds that increase the inclusion ofexon 7 of SMN2 into mRNA transcribed from the SMN2 gene, moretranscripts containing exon 7 and more functional reporter are produced.A schematic illustration of this description can be found in FIG. 1.

The DNA sequence of the minigene from the SMN2-G construct is providedin FIG. 2. The DNA sequence of the minigene from the SMN2-A construct isprovided in FIG. 3.

SMN1 versions of the four SMN2 minigene constructs were also generatedin which the sixth nucleotide (T) of exon 7 was mutated to C. Similarlyto the SMN2 minigene constructs, the four versions of the SMN1 minigeneconstruct had a single adenine (SMN1-A), thymine (SMN1-T), cytosine(SMN1-C) or guanine (SMN1-G) residue inserted after nucleic residue 48of exon 7.

To validate the splicing pattern of the SMN2-alternative splicingreporter construct and to determine the maximum ratio of expressionbetween SMN1 and SMN2 minigene constructs, corresponding SMN1- andSMN2-minigene constructs were transiently transfected into HEK293Hcells, and the expression levels of the fusion protein encoded by theminigene were compared by measuring luciferase activity. A 4-foldincrease in luciferase expression was detected for the SMN1-A, SMN1-Tand SMN1-C versions of the minigene construct (FIG. 4) when compared tothe SMN2-A, SMN2-T and SMN2-C minigene constructs, respectively. Incontrast, the SMN1-G minigene construct did not exhibit an increase inluciferase expression when it was compared to the SMN2-G minigeneconstruct.

In order to determine why constructs with a guanine insert yieldedresults different from those obtained with constructs that had anadenine, thymidine or cytosine insert after nucleic acid residue 48 ofexon 7 of SMN2, total RNA was isolated from cells transientlytransfected with the SMN1 or SMN2 versions of the minigenes. Total RNAwas reverse transcribed to produce cDNA. The cDNA was then amplified byPCR with primers specific for the minigene/reporter gene transcript. Thefirst primer annealed to the luciferase gene and the second primer toexon 6. The PCR products were resolved on a 2% agarose gel.

RNA isolated from HEK293H cells transfected with the SMN2-G, SMN2-A,SMN2-T or SMN2-C minigene construct predominately showed a bandcorresponding to the size of a transcript that lacks exon 7. Expressionof the SMN1-G, SMN1-A, SMN1-T and SMN1-C minigene construct intransiently transfected HEK293H cells resulted in the appearance of anadditional band corresponding to the transcript containing exon 7. Thesize of the band containing exon 7 was similar for all SMN1 versions ofthe minigene. The band corresponding to the transcript containing exon 7produced from the SMN1-G minigene construct was isolated and cloned intoa pCR-blunt vector (Invitrogen). 20 clones containing the SMN1-Gminigene fragment were sequenced. All of the clones lacked sevennucleotides from the inserted guanine residue to the last nucleotide ofexon 7 (GTAAGGA) (SEQ ID No.: 8) demonstrating that the inclusion ofexon 7 for the SMN1-G version of the minigene occurred throughutilization of a cryptic splice site generated by the G insertion.Indeed, the G insertion resulted in generation of a sequence element(GTAAGG) (SEQ ID No.: 9) reminiscent of the 5′ end of intron 7 (GTAAGT)(SEQ ID No.: 10). Therefore, the spliceosome preferentially used the 5′splice site between the nucleotide residue 48 of exon 7 and the Ginsertion (position 49). Utilization of the cryptic splice site resultedin a frameshift of the open reading frame that starts at the ATGimmediately upstream of exon 6 of SMN as well as a stop codon before theluciferase portion of the minigene. Therefore, luciferase expression wassubstantially reduced from the SMN1-G minigene construct when a part ofexon 7 was included. Analogously, the G insertion in the SMN2-G minigeneconstruct creates a cryptic splice site in exon 7 of SMN2. The resultinginclusion of a fragment of exon 7 of SMN2 that lacks seven nucleotidesat the 3′ end significantly reduces luciferase expression from theSMN2-G minigene construct.

Compounds that Enhance the Inclusion of Exon 7 of SMN2 into mRNATranscribed from the SMN2 Gene

This example demonstrates the successful identification of compoundsthat increase the inclusion of exon 7 of SMN2 into mRNA transcribed fromthe SMN2 gene using the cell-based assays and nucleic acid constructsdescribed herein.

Materials and Methods Preparation of the Stable Cell Line

HEK293H cells were stably transfected with an SMN2 nucleic acidconstruct described herein. The examples provided herein demonstrate astandard procedure for making stable cell lines using a lipid-mediumtransfection reagent. Standard safety precautions (e.g. use of tissueculture hood and the like) were followed in carrying out the proceduresdescribed herein.

On Day 1, HEK293H cells were plated in a six well plate at aconcentration of 5×10⁵ cells per well in a volume of 2 mL ofnonselective medium (DMEM containing 10% fetal bovine serum and 100units/mL penicillin and streptomycin). For each construct, two wellswere prepared, one well for the transfection plus one additional well asa DNA-free control. The cells were allowed to adhere for at least threehours in an incubator set to 37° C. and 5% CO₂. For each transfection,100 μL of a nonselective medium, 6 μL of FuGENE6 reagent (Roche#1814443) and 2 μg of DNA were sequentially added to a sterilemicrocentrifuge tube, mixed gently and allowed to incubate at roomtemperature for 15 minutes. During the incubation time, the medium inthe wells of the 6-well plate was removed and replaced with 1 mL offresh nonselective medium. After a 15 minutes incubation, theFuGENE6/DNA mixture was added dropwise to the designated well. The platewas gently swirled before being returned to the incubator.

On Day 2, the medium was removed from each of the wells and replacedwith 2 mL of fresh nonselective medium. The plates were then returned tothe incubator.

On Day 3, the medium was removed from each of the wells. The cells werethen rinsed with 1 mL sterile PBS and trypsinized with 0.25%trypsin-EDTA for counting. 500 μL of trypsin was added per well. Afterthe cells were dislodged from the bottom of each well and 4.5 mL ofmedium was added, then the entire contents of each well was transferredto a sterile 15 mL tube. 100 μL of the trypsinized cells were mixed with100 μL of Trypan Blue stain and counted on a haemocytometer. For eachminigene nucleic acid construct, two 10 cm² dishes were plated. 5000cells/mL were plated in a final volume of 10 mL nonselective medium. Thecells were returned to the incubator and incubated overnight.

On Day 4, 10 mL of nonselective medium containing 400 μg/mL hygromycinwas added to each 10 cm² dish, bringing the final volume of medium ineach dish to 20 mL with a final hygromycin concentration of 200 μg/mL.The cells were incubated for an additional 3 days.

Following the 3-day additional incubation period, the medium wasreplaced with 10 mL of fresh selective medium (DMEM containing 10% FBS,100 units/mL penicillin and streptomycin and 200 μg/mL hygromycin). Thiswas repeated every 2-3 days. After about 10 days, the colonies had grownto a size visible to the unaided eye.

Once the colonies had grown to a suitable size, without adjacentcolonies growing into each other, the colonies were picked using 3 mmcloning disks. The cloning disks were allowed to soak for severalminutes in trypsin. During this time, 0.5 mL of selective medium wasadded to each well of a 24-well plate.

The medium was removed from the 10 cm² dishes. The colonies were washedbriefly with 5 mL PBS, and the PBS was promptly removed. Using forceps,a trypsin-soaked disk was lifted, and excess trypsin was removed byshaking. Each disk was carefully placed on a single colony on the plate.The colony was then trypsinized to the disk for about 5 minutes. Thedisk was then carefully removed and placed into one of the wells of the24-well plate. This process was repeated until the desired number ofcolonies were prepared. Care was taken to soak the forceps in trypsinin-between. Once all of the desired colonies had been transferred, the24-well plate was placed in the incubator. The medium of the 24-wellplate was carefully changed every three days, while keeping the disks inthe wells. After about 1-2 weeks, the cells in the wells had reachedconfluency and were transferred to a larger plate. The clones were thentested for reporter gene activity. Clones with the expectedcharacteristics were frozen down in 90% FBS+10% DMSO.

Expansion of Cells

Stable HEK293H cell lines containing the SMN2-A minigene construct werecultured in DMEM supplemented with 10% FBS and 200 μg/mL hygromycin inT175 flasks. The cells were subcultured every 4 days at 1:10 dilution.Cultures were kept in a 37° C. and 5% CO₂ incubator.

The cells were scaled-up three days before performing thehigh-throughput screen (HTS). Cells from two confluent T175 flasks weresubcultured into 20 T175 flasks (1:10 dilution). Cells were harvestedfrom each confluent flask by removing all of the medium and adding 4 mLof warmed trypsin to dislodge the cells. After the cells were dislodged,16 mL of selective medium was added for a final volume of 20 mL. Thecells were expanded by adding 2 mL of the harvested cells into ten newT175 flasks plus 25 mL of selective medium. The twenty new flasks wereplaced into the 37° C., 5% CO₂ incubator.

On the day the HTS was performed, the medium was removed from the flasksand 3 mL of warmed trypsin was added to dislodge the cells. After thecells were dislodged, 10 mL of nonselective medium was added to theflask. This was repeated for all twenty flasks, and the harvested cellswere combined in one flask.

100 μL of the harvested cells were added to 100 μL of Trypan Blue stainand counted on a hemocytometer. The four corner squares were counted andthe numbers averaged. The average number was doubled to account for thetrypan blue dilution (e.g. 110+105+106+111=432/4=108×2=216, therefore,the cell culture concentration was 216×10⁴ cells/mL). The volume ofcells needed for screening 100 plates by HTS was 1700 mL.

To plate 10,000 cells/well in a volume of 38 μL, the concentration(cells/μL) was calculated: 10,000 cells/38 μL=263.15 cells/μL. The totalnumber of cells required was also calculated: (263.15 cells/μL)(1000μL/mL)(1700 mL)=4.47×10⁸ cells. The volume of concentrated cellsrequired was also calculated: 4.47×10⁸ cells/216×10⁴ cells/mL=206.9 mLof concentrated cells in a final volume of 1700 mL with nonselectivemedium. 38 μL of cells were plated in 384-well plates for HTS in thepresence of 2 μL of test compound (final concentration=3.75 μg/mL with0.5% DMSO).

Preparation of Standard Plates

Four standard 96-well clear Matrix Screen Mates plates were used toprepare 100 plates. 459 μL of 100% DMSO was added to make a 100 mMsolution. A fresh 30 mL 10% DMSO stock solution was made by adding 3 mLof 100% DMSO to 27 mL water. The 10% DMSO was used to make serialdilutions of a puromycin stock solution so that the DMSO concentrationremained at 10%.

Using standard techniques known to one skilled in the art, puromycin wasserially diluted to provide 10 mM Stock in 10% DMSO (by diluting 100 μLof 100 mM Stock with 900 μL water), 1 mM Stock in 10% DMSO (by diluting500 μL of 10 mM Stock with 4.5 mL 10% DMSO), 400 μM Stock in 10% DMSO(by diluting 1.6 mL of 1 mM Stock with 2.4 mL 10% DMSO, 20 μM was finalamount used in assay), 200 μM Stock in 10% DMSO (by diluting 1 mL of 400μM Stock with 1 mL 10% DMSO, 10 μM was final amount used in assay), 100μM Stock in 10% DMSO (by diluting 1 mL of 200 μM Stock with 1 mL 10%DMSO, 5 μM was final amount used in assay), 50 μM Stock in 10% DMSO (bydiluting 1 mL of 100 μM Stock with 1 mL 10% DMSO, 2.5 μM was finalamount used in assay), 25 μM Stock in 10% DMSO (by diluting 1 mL of 50μM Stock with 1 mL 10% DMSO, 1.25 μM was final amount used in assay),12.5 μM Stock in 10% DMSO (by diluting 1 mL of 25 μM Stock with 1 mL 10%DMSO, 0.625 μM was final amount used in assay), 6.25 μM Stock in 10%DMSO (by diluting 1 mL of 12.5 μM Stock with 1 mL 10% DMSO, 0.312 μM wasfinal amount used in assay), 3.125 μM Stock in 10% DMSO (by diluting 1mL of 6.25 μM Stock with 1 mL 10% DMSO, 0.156 μM was final amount usedin assay) and 1.56 μM Stock in 10% DMSO (by diluting 1 mL of 3.125 μMStock with 1 mL 10% DMSO, 0.078 μM was final amount used in assay).

Firefly Luciferase Substrate Preparation

Steadylite or Britelite (Perkin Elmer) was used to prepare the fireflyluciferase substrate. Screening 100 plates required 850 mL ofSteadylite, Britelite, or BrightGlo, which required 17 bottles ofpowdered substrate. Two 500 mL bottles of Steadylite or Britelite bufferwere thawed at 4° C. overnight. The powdered substrate was resuspendedby adding 50 mL of buffer to each bottle which were then combined tomake one solution. 1.7 mL of 1 M MgCl₂ solution was added to 850 mL ofSteadylite or BriteLite for a final concentration of 2 mM MgCl₂. 20 μLSteadylite or Britelite was added to each well of the 384-well plates,and the plates were incubated at room temperature for about 2 minutes.Immediately following, luciferase activity was read with a ViewLuxImaging system (Perkin Elmer).

Compound Identification and Validation

The HEK293H cell line stably transfected with the SMN2-A minigeneconstruct was utilized in the HTS. HTS was performed by plating 10,000cells in each well of a 384-well plate. Each 384-well plate contained 64control wells used as an internal standard: 16 wells were used as atotal control (no test compound, only compound solvent), 16 wells wereused as reference standards representing background readings (highinhibitor concentration) and 32 wells were prepared to provide an8-point dose response curve of puromycin as a non-specific standardcontrol inhibitor. The remaining 320 wells contained individual testcompounds. The cells were grown overnight in the presence of testcompounds or controls at 37° C. in 5% CO₂. After 24 hours, the amount ofluminescence was determined using a ViewLux Imaging system (PerkinElmer).

Results

Using the SMN2-A minigene construct, a HTS was performed testing acompound library. The amount of the fusion protein expressed from theminigene construct was determined by measuring luciferase activity asdescribed herein. A test compound which did not change the expression ofthe fusion protein was set to 100% activity; a compound that reduced thesignal detected from the fusion protein to the same extent as 20 μM ofpuromycin was denoted as having 0% activity, and a compound thatincreased the signal detected from the fusion protein to the level twicethat of the DMSO-treated cells comprising the SMN2-A minigene constructwas considered to have 200% activity. Enhancers of fusion proteinexpression were defined as those compounds that increased luciferaseactivity by at least three standard deviations above the mean. Based onthis analysis, test compounds of Formula (I) were identified as hits andwere subsequently confirmed by testing the compounds under the sameconditions as in the original HTS. To ensure that the increase inluciferase activity detected in the HTS was due to increased inclusionof exon 7 of SMN2 into mRNA transcripts from the SMN2-A minigeneconstruct, each compound was tested in two different cell lines: thecell line, which was used in the original HTS (HEK293H containing theSMN2-A minigene construct), and a HEK293H cell line that contained theSMN2-G minigene construct. Due to the presence of a cryptic splice sitein exon 7 of SMN2 in the SMN2-G minigene construct, the second cell linedid not demonstrate luciferase activity despite the inclusion of exon 7of SMN2 in the mRNA transcripts transcribed from the SMN2-G minigene.Accordingly, comparison of the SMN2-A minigene construct and the SMN2-Gminigene construct validated the activity of compounds that specificallyincreased inclusion of exon 7 of SMN2 into mRNA transcribed from theSMN2 gene.

The data obtained from the reconfirmation with these two cell lines wasanalyzed to identify and validate compounds that upregulated expressionof the fusion protein in the cell line comprising the SMN2-A minigeneconstruct, but not in the cell line comprising the SMN2-G minigeneconstruct. Each compound was tested at four concentrations: 15 μM, 3 μM,0.6 μM, 0.12 μM.

Assessment of Inclusion of Exon 7 of SMN2 into mRNA Transcribed from theSMN2 Minigene Construct by Quantitative PCR

This example demonstrated that increased luciferase activity from theSMN2-A minigene nucleic acid construct was due to increased inclusion ofexon 7 of SMN2 in the mRNA transcripts of the minigene.

Materials and Methods

HEK293H cells stably transfected with the SMN2-A minigene construct weretreated with test compounds. 7500 cells/well were seeded in 50 μL ofmedium (DMEM plus 10% FBS, without hygromycin) in 96-well flat-bottomplates. After seeding the cells, the plate was swirled immediately toensure proper dispersal of cells, so that an even monolayer of cells wasformed. Cells were allowed to attach for at least 2-4 hrs. Then 50 μL ofa 2× compound solution (DMEM plus 10% FBS and compound at 2×concentration) was added to each well, and the plate was incubated at37° C. for 48 hrs.

At the end of the incubation period, total RNA was harvested andpurified using a commercially available kit. The extracted RNA wasstored at −80° C. The purified total RNA was reverse transcribed intocDNA using a commercially available kit and random hexamers as primers.The resulting cDNA was stored at −20° C.

Real-time PCR Assay was performed using RealPlex 4 thermocycler(Eppendorf) and a suitable combination of the following primers andprobes:

SMN 5′ primer: (SEQ ID No. 11) GAAGGAAGGTGCTCACATT or (SEQ ID No. 12)GAAGGAAGGTGCTCACATTCC. SMN 3′ primer: (SEQ ID No. 13)GAAGACGCCAAAAACATAAAGA or (SEQ ID No. 14) GATGGAACCGCTGGAGAG or(SEQ ID No. 15) ATAGCTTCTGCCAACCGAAC. SMN Probe: (SEQ ID No. 16)6FAM-AAGGAGAAATGCTGGCATAGAGCAGC-TAMRA or (SEQ ID No. 17)6FAM-ATATAAGGAGAAATGCTGGCATAGAGCAGC-TAMRA or (SEQ ID No. 18)6FAM-ATATAAGGAGAAATGCTGGCATAGAGC-TAMRA.

The positions of the primers and the probe on the minigene construct aredepicted in FIG. 5.

SMN 5′ and 3′ primers were used at final concentrations of 0.3 μM. TheSMN probe was used at final concentration of 0.15 μM. Human GAPDHprimers and probes were purchased from Applied Biosystems (Catalog No.4310884E). A human GAPDH primer was prepared as a pre-developed assayreagent (GAPDH-PDAR) for gene expression. A human GAPDH probe waslabeled with VIC/TAMRA to serve as an endogenous reference control. The2×qPCR Supermix UDG from Invitrogen (Catalog No. 11730-017) was used asthe Real-Time PCR Mix. Each of the foregoing materials were used toprepare a SMN-GAPDH Mix (20 μL total volume) by combining 2× Supermix(10 μL), 20×GAPDH-PDAR (1 μL), water (3.85 μL), cDNA (5 μL), 100 uM 5′primer (0.06 μL), 100 uM 3′ primer (0.06 μL) and 100 uM probe (0.03 μL).Each PCR cycle was carried out at the following temperatures for theindicated time period: Step 1: 50° C. (2 min); Step 2: 95° C. (2 min);Step 3: 95° C. (15 sec); Step 4: 60° C. (1 min); then, repeat Step 3 fora total of 40 cycles.

Each mixture contained both SMN and GAPDH primers/probe sets (multiplexdesign) which allowed simultaneous measurement of the activity levels ofboth transcripts.

To calculate the fold increase of inclusion of exon 7 of SMN2 over thecontrol, the real-time PCR data were analyzed by the 2^(−ΔΔCt) method(as described in Livak and Schmittgen, Methods, 2001, 25(4):402-8). TheC_(T) values of the compound-treated samples and of the control(untreated) samples were subtracted by their corresponding GAPDH C_(T)values to calculate ΔC_(T). Then the average of the normalized C_(T)values from untreated samples was calculated. The normalized C_(T)values from compound-treated samples were subtracted from the control(untreated) average to calculate ΔΔC_(T). The fold increase of inclusionof exon 7 of SMN2 from each of the test compound samples was thencalculated by 2^(−ΔΔC) _(T).

Results

The results for compounds of Formula (I) are shown in Table 2. The FoldActivation results are provided as a ratio of a First Activation usingthe SMN-2A construct divided by a Second Activation using the SMN-2Gconstruct, wherein 1 star (*) represents active compounds with a foldincrease ratio between 1.1-1.3; 2 stars (**) represent active compoundswith a fold increase ratio between 1.3-2.0; 3 stars (***) representactive compounds with a fold increase ratio greater than 2.0.

$\begin{matrix}{First} \\{Activation}\end{matrix} = \frac{\begin{matrix}{{the}\mspace{14mu} {amount}\mspace{14mu} {or}\mspace{14mu} {the}\mspace{14mu} {activity}\mspace{14mu} {of}\mspace{14mu} {the}} \\{{first}\mspace{14mu} {fusion}\mspace{14mu} {protein}\mspace{14mu} {expressed}\mspace{14mu} {by}\mspace{14mu} {the}\mspace{14mu} {first}} \\{{host}\mspace{14mu} {cell}\mspace{14mu} {in}\mspace{14mu} {the}\mspace{14mu} {presence}\mspace{14mu} {of}\mspace{14mu} {the}\mspace{14mu} {compound}}\end{matrix}\mspace{31mu}}{\begin{matrix}{{the}\mspace{14mu} {amount}\mspace{14mu} {or}\mspace{14mu} {the}\mspace{14mu} {activity}\mspace{14mu} {of}\mspace{14mu} {the}\mspace{14mu} {first}\mspace{14mu} {fusion}\mspace{14mu} {protein}} \\{{expressed}\mspace{14mu} {by}\mspace{14mu} {the}\mspace{14mu} {first}\mspace{14mu} {host}\mspace{14mu} {cell}\mspace{14mu} {in}\mspace{14mu} {the}\mspace{11mu} {absence}\mspace{14mu} {of}} \\{{the}\mspace{14mu} {compound}\mspace{14mu} {or}\mspace{14mu} {the}\mspace{14mu} {presence}\mspace{14mu} {of}\mspace{14mu} a\mspace{14mu} {negative}\mspace{14mu} {control}}\end{matrix}\mspace{31mu}}$ $\begin{matrix}{Second} \\{Activation}\end{matrix} = \frac{\begin{matrix}{{the}\mspace{14mu} {amount}\mspace{14mu} {or}\mspace{14mu} {the}\mspace{14mu} {activity}\mspace{14mu} {of}\mspace{14mu} {the}} \\{{second}\mspace{14mu} {fusion}\mspace{14mu} {protein}\mspace{14mu} {expressed}\mspace{14mu} {by}\mspace{14mu} {the}\mspace{14mu} {second}} \\{{host}\mspace{14mu} {cell}\mspace{14mu} {in}\mspace{14mu} {the}\mspace{14mu} {presence}\mspace{14mu} {of}\mspace{14mu} {the}\mspace{14mu} {compound}}\end{matrix}}{\begin{matrix}{{the}\mspace{14mu} {amount}\mspace{14mu} {or}\mspace{14mu} {the}\mspace{14mu} {activity}\mspace{14mu} {of}\mspace{14mu} {the}\mspace{14mu} {second}\mspace{14mu} {fusion}\mspace{14mu} {protein}} \\{{expressed}\mspace{14mu} {by}\mspace{14mu} {the}\mspace{14mu} {second}\mspace{14mu} {host}\mspace{14mu} {cell}\mspace{14mu} {in}\mspace{14mu} {the}\mspace{11mu} {absence}\mspace{14mu} {of}} \\{{the}\mspace{14mu} {compound}\mspace{14mu} {or}\mspace{14mu} {the}\mspace{14mu} {presence}\mspace{14mu} {of}\mspace{14mu} a\mspace{14mu} {negative}\mspace{14mu} {control}}\end{matrix}}$

The results indicate that in the presence of a compound of Formula (I),the inclusion of exon 7 of SMN2 transcribed from the SMN2-A minigene maybe modulated.

TABLE 2 Cpd Activity 2 * 6 ** 8 ** 11 ** 18 * 19 ** 21 *** 22 ** 23 * 24*** 26 ** 28 ** 29 ** 30 ** 31 ** 32 *** 35 ** 36 ** 37 * 38 *** 39 **41 *** 42 ** 43 ** 44 ** 48 * 51 ** 52 ** 54 ** 55 * 57 ** 65 ** 66 ***67 ** 69 * 71 ** 73 * 77 * 81 * 82 ** 89 *** 90 ** 91 ** 93 ** 100 **102 ** 105 * 106 * 110 * 111 ** 112 ** 128 ***

The present invention is not to be limited in scope by the specificembodiments described herein. Indeed, various modifications of theinvention and their equivalents, in addition to those described hereinwill become apparent to those skilled in the art from the foregoingdescription and accompanying figures. Such modifications are intended tofall within the scope of the appended claims.

Various patents, patent applications, and publications are cited herein,the disclosures of which are incorporated by reference in their entiretyand for all purposes.

1.-36. (canceled)
 37. A method for increasing the expression of SMN in ahuman subject in need thereof, comprising administering to the humansubject an effective amount of a compound that increases the inclusionof exon 7 of SMN2 into mRNA transcribed from the SMN2 gene.
 38. A methodfor treating spinal muscular atrophy (SMA) in a human subject in needthereof, comprising administering to the human subject an effectiveamount of a compound that increases the inclusion of exon 7 of SMN2 intomRNA transcribed from the SMN2 gene.
 39. (canceled)
 40. (canceled) 41.The method of claim 37, wherein the compound is a compound of Formula(I):

or a pharmaceutically acceptable free acid, free base, salt, hydrate,solvate, clathrate, racemate, stereoisomer, or polymorph thereof,wherein: Y and Z are each selected from N or C, wherein Y and Z are eachnot simultaneously N or C; W is N or C; R₁ is selected from hydrogen oraryl, wherein aryl is optionally substituted with carboxyl and, whereinR₁ is absent when Z is N; R₂ is selected from hydrogen, C₃₋₁₄cycloalkyl,aryl, heteroaryl or heterocyclyl, wherein aryl is optionally substitutedwith one, two, or three substituents each selected from halogen,carboxyl, C₁₋₆alkyl, C₁₋₆alkoxy, halo-C₁₋₆alkoxy, C₁₋₆alkoxy-carbonyl,amino or C₁₋₆alkyl-amino, or one substituent selected fromhalo-C₁₋₆alkyl-amino, hydroxy-C₁₋₆alkyl-amino, amino-carbonyl,C₁₋₆alkyl-amino-carbonyl, aryl, heteroaryl or heterocyclyl, optionallysubstituted on heterocyclyl with one or two oxo substituents, whereinheteroaryl is optionally substituted with one or two C₁₋₆alkylsubstituents or one heterocyclyl substituent, wherein heterocyclyl isoptionally substituted with one or two substituents each selected fromhalogen or C₁₋₆alkyl, and wherein R₂ is absent when Y is N; and R₃ isone, two, or three carbon atom substituents each selected from hydrogen,halogen, carboxyl, C₁₋₆alkyl, C₁₋₆alkoxy, amino, amino-C₁₋₆alkyl,C₁₋₆alkyl-carbonyl-amino, C₃₋₁₄cycloalkyl, C₃₋₁₄cycloalkyloxy,C₃₋₁₄cycloalkyl-C₁₋₆alkyl, aryl, aryloxy, aryloxy-C₁₋₆alkyl, heteroaryl,heteroaryl-C₁₋₆alkyl, heterocyclyl, heterocyclyl-C₁₋₆alkyl orheterocyclyl-carbonyl, wherein each instance of amino is optionallysubstituted with one or two substituents each selected from C₁₋₆alkyl,hydroxy-C₁₋₆alkyl, carboxy-C₁₋₆alkyl, aryl-C₁₋₆alkyl,heterocyclyl-C₁₋₆alkyl or aryl optionally substituted with one or twoC₁₋₆alkyl substituents, wherein each instance of aryl is optionallysubstituted with one or two substituents each selected from halogen,C₁₋₆alkyl, halo-C₁₋₆alkyl, C₁₋₆alkoxy, halo-C₁₋₆alkoxy or aryloptionally substituted with one or two C₁₋₆alkyl substituents, andwherein each instance of heterocyclyl is optionally substituted with oneor two substituents each selected from C₁₋₆alkyl or aryl optionallysubstituted with one or two C₁₋₆alkyl substituents, or is optionallysubstituted on one or two carbon atoms with an oxo substituent.
 42. Themethod of claim 41, wherein R₂ is selected from hydrogen, aryl,heteroaryl or heterocyclyl, wherein aryl is optionally substituted withone or two substituents each selected from halogen, carboxyl, C₁₋₆alkyl,C₁₋₆alkoxy, halo-C₁₋₆alkoxy or C₁₋₆alkoxy-carbonyl, or one substituentselected from halo-C₁₋₆alkyl-amino, hydroxy-C₁₋₆alkyl-amino,amino-carbonyl, aryl, heteroaryl or heterocyclyl optionally substitutedwith one oxo substituent, wherein heteroaryl is optionally substitutedwith one or two C₁₋₆alkyl substituents or one heterocyclyl substituent,wherein heterocyclyl is optionally substituted with two halogensubstituents, and wherein R₂ is absent when Y is N; and R₃ is one, two,or three carbon atom substituents each selected from hydrogen, halogen,carboxyl, C₁₋₆alkyl, C₁₋₆alkoxy, amino, amino-C₁₋₆alkyl,C₁₋₆alkyl-carbonyl-amino, aryl, aryloxy, aryloxy-C₁₋₆alkyl, heteroaryl,heteroaryl-C₁₋₆alkyl, heterocyclyl or heterocyclyl-carbonyl, whereineach instance of amino is optionally substituted with one or twosubstituents each selected from C₁₋₆alkyl, hydroxy-C₁₋₆alkyl,carboxy-C₁₋₆alkyl, aryl-C₁₋₆alkyl, heterocyclyl-C₁₋₆alkyl or aryloptionally substituted with one or two C₁₋₆alkyl substituents, whereineach instance of aryl is optionally substituted with one or twosubstituents each selected from halogen, C₁₋₆alkyl, halo-C₁₋₆alkyl,C₁₋₆alkoxy or halo-C₁₋₆alkoxy, and wherein each instance of heterocyclylis optionally substituted with one or two C₁₋₆alkyl substituents, or isoptionally substituted on a carbon atom with an oxo substituent.
 43. Themethod of claim 41, wherein R₁ is selected from hydrogen or phenyl,wherein phenyl is optionally substituted with carboxyl and, wherein R₁is absent when Z is N; R₂ is selected from hydrogen, phenyl, furanyl,thienyl, pyridinyl, 2,3-dihydro-benzofuranyl or benzo[1,3]dioxolyl,wherein phenyl is optionally substituted with one or two substituentseach selected from halogen, carboxyl, C₁₋₆alkyl, C₁₋₆alkoxy,halo-C₁₋₆alkoxy or C₁₋₆alkoxy-carbonyl, or one substituent selected fromhalo-C₁₋₆alkyl-amino, hydroxy-C₁₋₆alkyl-amino, amino-carbonyl, phenyl,pyrazolyl, azetidinyl, pyrrolidinyl or morpholinyl, optionallysubstituted on pyrrolidinyl with one oxo substituent, wherein furanyl,thienyl and pyridinyl is optionally substituted with one or twoC₁₋₆alkyl substituents or one azetidinyl, pyrrolidinyl, piperidinyl,piperazinyl or morpholinyl substituent, wherein benzo[1,3]dioxolyl isoptionally substituted with two halogen substituents, and wherein R₂ isabsent when Y is N; and R₃ is one, two, or three carbon atomsubstituents each selected from hydrogen, halogen, carboxyl, C₁₋₆alkyl,C₁₋₆alkoxy, amino, amino-C₁₋₆alkyl, C₁₋₆alkyl-carbonyl-amino, phenyl,phenyloxy, phenyloxy-C₁₋₆alkyl, imidazolyl, pyrazolyl,1H-1,2,4-triazolyl, benzofuranyl, imidazolyl-C₁₋₆alkyl, azetidinyl,pyrrolidinyl, piperidinyl, piperazinyl, morpholinyl, 1,4-diazepanyl,2,3-dihydro-indolyl, 3,4-dihydroisoquinolin-(1H)-yl,1,4-dioxa-8-azaspiro[4.5]decanyl, pyrrolidinyl-carbonyl ormorpholinyl-carbonyl, wherein each instance of amino is optionallysubstituted with one or two substituents each selected from C₁₋₆ alkyl,hydroxy-C₁₋₆ alkyl, carboxy-C₁₋₆ alkyl, phenyl-C₁₋₆alkyl,benzo[1,3]dioxolyl-C₁₋₆alkyl, or phenyl optionally substituted with oneor two C₁₋₆alkyl substituents, wherein each instance of phenyl isoptionally substituted with one or two substituents each selected fromhalogen, C₁₋₆alkyl, halo-C₁₋₆alkyl, C₁₋₆alkoxy or halo-C₁₋₆alkoxy, andwherein each instance of azetidinyl, pyrrolidinyl, piperazinyl,morpholinyl or 1,4-diazepanyl is optionally substituted with one or twoC₁₋₆alkyl substituents, or is optionally substituted on one azetidinylor pyrrolidinyl carbon atom with an oxo substituent.
 44. The method ofclaim 41, wherein the compound of Formula (I) or a form thereof is acompound of Formula (Ia), Formula (Ib), Formula (Ic), Formula (Id),Formula (Ie) or Formula (If) or a form thereof, wherein all substituentvariables are as previously defined:


45. (canceled)
 46. (canceled)
 47. The method of claim 37, wherein thecompound is: 3-benzooxazol-2-yl-benzoic acid,3-(6-methyl-benzooxazol-2-yl)-benzoic acid,3-(5-phenyl-benzooxazol-2-yl)-benzoic acid,3-[5-(4-isopropyl-3-methyl-phenoxymethyl)-benzooxazol-2-yl]-benzoicacid, 3-{5-[(4-isopropyl-phenylamino)-methyl]-benzooxazol-2-yl}-benzoicacid, 3-(5-tert-butyl-benzooxazol-2-yl)-benzoic acid,3-(5-chloro-benzooxazol-2-yl)-benzoic acid,3-(6-imidazol-1-ylmethyl-benzooxazol-2-yl)-benzoic acid,3-(5-bromo-benzooxazol-2-yl)-benzoic acid,4-(5-phenyl-benzooxazol-2-yl)-benzoic acid,4-(6-methyl-benzooxazol-2-yl)-benzoic acid,4-(5-chloro-benzooxazol-2-yl)-benzoic acid,4-(5-tert-butyl-benzooxazol-2-yl)-benzoic acid,2-(3-carboxy-phenyl)-benzooxazole-6-carboxylic acid,2-(3-carboxy-phenyl)-benzooxazole-5-carboxylic acid,3-[5-(morpholine-4-carbonyl)-benzooxazol-2-yl]-benzoic acid,3-[6-(morpholine-4-carbonyl)-benzooxazol-2-yl]-benzoic acid,2-biphenyl-4-yl-benzooxazole-6-carboxylic acid,2-biphenyl-4-yl-benzooxazole-5-carboxylic acid,4-(5-bromo-benzooxazol-2-yl)-benzoic acid,3-(5-methyl-benzooxazol-2-yl)-benzoic acid,3-[5-(1,1-dimethyl-propyl)-benzooxazol-2-yl]-benzoic acid,3-(6-Phenyl-benzooxazol-2-yl)-benzoic acid,2-(4-isopropyl-phenyl)-benzooxazole-5-carboxylic acid,2-(4-isopropyl-phenyl)-benzooxazole-6-carboxylic acid,2-benzo[1,3]dioxol-5-yl-benzooxazole-5-carboxylic acid,2-biphenyl-4-yl-benzooxazole-7-carboxylic acid,2-[4-(2-oxo-pyrrolidin-1-yl)-phenyl]-benzooxazole-5-carboxylic acid,3-[5-(4-trifluoromethoxy-phenyl)-benzooxazol-2-yl]-benzoic acid,3-[5-(3,4-difluoro-phenyl)-benzooxazol-2-yl]-benzoic acid,3-(5-benzofuran-2-yl-benzooxazol-2-yl)-benzoic acid,3-(5-methoxy-benzooxazol-2-yl)-benzoic acid,3-(6-fluoro-benzooxazol-2-yl)-benzoic acid,3-[6-(2,6-dimethyl-morpholin-4-yl)-benzooxazol-2-yl]-benzoic acid methylester, 2-(4-bromo-phenyl)-benzooxazole-5-carboxylic acid,3-[5-(4-isopropyl-phenyl)-benzooxazol-2-yl]-benzoic acid,3-[5-(3,5-dimethyl-phenyl)-benzooxazol-2-yl]-benzoic acid,2-p-tolyl-benzooxazole-5-carboxylic acid,2-(4-methoxy-phenyl)-benzooxazole-5-carboxylic acid,2-(4-pyrrolidin-1-yl-phenyl)-benzooxazole-5-carboxylic acid,3-(6-piperidin-1-yl-benzooxazol-2-yl)-benzoic acid,3-(6-morpholin-4-yl-benzooxazol-2-yl)-benzoic acid,3-(5-pyrrolidin-1-yl-benzooxazol-2-yl)-benzoic acid,3-(6-pyrazol-1-yl-benzooxazol-2-yl)-benzoic acid,3-[6-(2-oxo-azetidin-1-yl)-benzooxazol-2-yl]-benzoic acid,3-[6-(1,4-dioxa-8-aza-spiro[4.5]dec-8-yl)-benzooxazol-2-yl]-benzoicacid, 2-[4-(2-oxo-pyrrolidin-1-yl)-phenyl]-benzooxazole-5-carboxylicacid, 3-[6-(4-methyl-piperazin-1-yl)-benzooxazol-2-yl]-benzoic acid,3-(6-imidazol-1-yl-benzooxazol-2-yl)-benzoic acid,3-[6-(2,3-dihydro-indol-1-yl)-benzooxazol-2-yl]-benzoic acid,2-(4-morpholin-4-yl-phenyl)-benzooxazole-5-carboxylic acid,3-(6-azetidin-1-yl-benzooxazol-2-yl)-benzoic acid,3-(6-pyrrolidin-1-yl-benzooxazol-2-yl)-benzoic acid,2-[4-(3-chloro-propylamino)-phenyl]-benzooxazole-5-carboxylic acid,2-(4-fluoro-phenyl)-benzooxazole-5-carboxylic acid,2-(4-pyrazol-1-yl-phenyl)-benzooxazole-5-carboxylic acid,2-(4-azetidin-1-yl-phenyl)-benzooxazole-5-carboxylic acid,2-phenyl-oxazolo[4,5-b]pyridine,6-bromo-2-phenyl-oxazolo[4,5-b]pyridine,3-(6-[1,2,4]triazol-1-yl-benzooxazol-2-yl)-benzoic acid,3-[6-(2-hydroxy-ethylamino)-benzooxazol-2-yl]-benzoic acid,3-[5-(2-oxo-pyrrolidin-1-yl)-benzooxazol-2-yl]-benzoic acid,2-[4-(3-hydroxy-propylamino)-phenyl]-benzooxazole-5-carboxylic acid,2-phenyl-benzooxazole-6-carboxylic acid,2-furan-2-yl-benzooxazole-6-carboxylic acid,2-(2-fluoro-phenyl)-benzooxazole-6-carboxylic acid,2-(2,5-dimethyl-furan-3-yl)-benzooxazole-6-carboxylic acid,2-pyridin-4-yl-benzooxazole-6-carboxylic acid,2-pyridin-3-yl-benzooxazole-6-carboxylic acid,2-(3-methyl-thiophen-2-yl)-benzooxazole-6-carboxylic acid,3-[6-(pyrrolidine-1-carbonyl)-benzooxazol-2-yl]-benzoic acid,3-[6-(5-hydroxy-pentylamino)-benzooxazol-2-yl]-benzoic acid,3-(6-phenethylamino-benzooxazol-2-yl)-benzamide,3-[6-(3-phenyl-propylamino)-benzooxazol-2-yl]-benzoic acid,2-(2,2-difluoro-benzo[1,3]dioxol-4-yl)-benzooxazole-6-carboxylic acid,3-oxazolo[4,5-b]pyridin-2-yl-benzoic acid,2-(2,5-dimethyl-furan-3-yl)-benzooxazole-5-carboxylic acid,2-furan-2-yl-benzooxazole-5-carboxylic acid,2-benzo[1,3]dioxol-5-yl-benzooxazole-6-carboxylic acid,3-[6-(6-hydroxy-hexylamino)-benzooxazol-2-yl]-benzoic acid,3-[6-(4-methyl-[1,4]diazepan-1-yl)-benzooxazol-2-yl]-benzoic acid,3-(6-phenoxy-benzooxazol-2-yl)-benzoic acid,3-[6-(4-hydroxy-butylamino)-benzooxazol-2-yl]-benzoic acid,3-(6-phenethylamino-benzooxazol-2-yl)-benzoic acid,2-(2-pyrrolidin-1-yl-pyridin-3-yl)-benzooxazole-6-carboxylic acid,2-(3,4-dimethoxy-phenyl)-benzooxazole-6-carboxylic acid,2-(6-morpholin-4-yl-pyridin-3-yl)-benzooxazole-6-carboxylic acid,2-(3,4-dimethoxy-phenyl)-benzooxazole-5-carboxylic acid,2-(6-pyrrolidin-1-yl-pyridin-3-yl)-benzooxazole-5-carboxylic acid,2-(6-morpholin-4-yl-pyridin-3-yl)-benzooxazole-5-carboxylic acid,2-(3,4,5,6-tetrahydro-2H-[1,2]bipyridinyl-5′-yl)-benzooxazole-5-carboxylicacid, 2-(6-azetidin-1-yl-pyridin-3-yl)-benzooxazole-5-carboxylic acid,2-(6-azetidin-1-yl-pyridin-3-yl)-benzooxazole-6-carboxylic acid,2-(3,4,5,6-tetrahydro-2H-[1,2]bipyridinyl-5′-yl)-benzooxazole-6-carboxylicacid, 2-(2,3-dihydro-benzofuran-5-yl)-benzooxazole-6-carboxylic acid,2-(6-piperazin-1-yl-pyridin-3-yl)-benzooxazole-6-carboxylic acid,2-(2,3-dihydro-benzofuran-5-yl)-benzooxazole-5-carboxylic acid,2-(4-trifluoromethoxy-phenyl)-benzooxazole-6-carboxylic acid,2-(3-methoxy-phenyl)-benzooxazole-6-carboxylic acid,2-(4-trifluoromethoxy-phenyl)-benzooxazole-5-carboxylic acid,2-(3-methoxy-phenyl)-benzooxazole-5-carboxylic acid,3-[6-(benzyl-methyl-amino)-benzooxazol-2-yl]-benzoic acid,3-{6-[(benzo[1,3]dioxol-5-ylmethyl)-amino]-benzooxazol-2-yl}-benzoicacid, 2-(3-trifluoromethoxy-phenyl)-benzooxazole-6-carboxylic acid,2-(3-trifluoromethoxy-phenyl)-benzooxazole-5-carboxylic acid,3-(6-phenylamino-benzooxazol-2-yl)-benzamide,3-(6-phenoxy-benzooxazol-2-yl)-benzamide,3-(6-fluoro-benzooxazol-2-yl)-benzamide,3-(6-morpholin-4-yl-benzooxazol-2-yl)-benzamide,3-(6-piperidin-1-yl-benzooxazol-2-yl)-benzamide,3-(6-methoxy-benzooxazol-2-yl)-benzamide,3-(6-methyl-benzooxazol-2-yl)-benzamide,4-(6-methyl-benzooxazol-2-yl)-benzamide,3-(6-phenethylamino-benzooxazol-2-yl)-benzamide,4-(5-isopropyl-benzo[d]isoxazol-3-yl)-benzoic acid,3-(5-isopropyl-benzo[d]isoxazol-3-yl)-benzoic acid,3-(5-methoxy-benzo[d]isoxazol-3-yl)-benzoic acid,4-(6-methoxy-benzo[d]isoxazol-3-yl)-benzoic acid,3-(6-methoxy-benzo[d]isoxazol-3-yl)-benzoic acid,3-(6-phenyl-benzo[d]isoxazol-3-yl)-benzoic acid,4-(6-phenyl-benzo[d]isoxazol-3-yl)-benzoic acid,3-(6-p-tolyl-benzo[d]isoxazol-3-yl)-benzoic acid,4-(6-p-tolyl-benzo[d]isoxazol-3-yl)-benzoic acid,4-[6-(4-fluoro-phenyl)-benzo[d]isoxazol-3-yl]-benzoic acid,3-[6-(4-fluoro-phenyl)-benzo[d]isoxazol-3-yl]-benzoic acid,3-[6-(4-trifluoromethoxy-phenyl)-benzo[d]isoxazol-3-yl]-benzoic acid,3-[6-(4-trifluoromethyl-phenyl)-benzo[d]isoxazol-3-yl]-benzoic acid,N-[2-(4-bromo-3-methyl-phenyl)-benzooxazol-5-yl]-acetamide, or apharmaceutically acceptable free acid, free base, salt, hydrate,solvate, clathrate, racemate, stereoisomer, or polymorph thereof. 48.The method of claim 37, wherein the compound is:3-(6-methyl-benzooxazol-2-yl)-benzoic acid,3-(5-tert-butyl-benzooxazol-2-yl)-benzoic acid,3-(6-imidazol-1-ylmethyl-benzooxazol-2-yl)-benzoic acid,4-(6-methyl-benzooxazol-2-yl)-benzoic acid,2-biphenyl-4-yl-benzooxazole-6-carboxylic acid,2-biphenyl-4-yl-benzooxazole-5-carboxylic acid,3-(5-methyl-benzooxazol-2-yl)-benzoic acid,3-[5-(1,1-dimethyl-propyl)-benzooxazol-2-yl]-benzoic acid,3-(6-Phenyl-benzooxazol-2-yl)-benzoic acid,2-(4-isopropyl-phenyl)-benzooxazole-5-carboxylic acid,2-benzo[1,3]dioxol-5-yl-benzooxazole-5-carboxylic acid,2-[4-(2-oxo-pyrrolidin-1-yl)-phenyl]-benzooxazole-5-carboxylic acid,3-[5-(4-trifluoromethoxy-phenyl)-benzooxazol-2-yl]-benzoic acid,3-[5-(3,4-difluoro-phenyl)-benzooxazol-2-yl]-benzoic acid,3-(5-benzofuran-2-yl-benzooxazol-2-yl)-benzoic acid,3-(5-methoxy-benzooxazol-2-yl)-benzoic acid,2-(4-bromo-phenyl)-benzooxazole-5-carboxylic acid,3-[5-(4-isopropyl-phenyl)-benzooxazol-2-yl]-benzoic acid,3-[5-(3,5-dimethyl-phenyl)-benzooxazol-2-yl]-benzoic acid,2-p-tolyl-benzooxazole-5-carboxylic acid,2-(4-methoxy-phenyl)-benzooxazole-5-carboxylic acid,3-(6-piperidin-1-yl-benzooxazol-2-yl)-benzoic acid,3-(6-morpholin-4-yl-benzooxazol-2-yl)-benzoic acid,3-(5-pyrrolidin-1-yl-benzooxazol-2-yl)-benzoic acid,3-(6-pyrazol-1-yl-benzooxazol-2-yl)-benzoic acid,3-[6-(4-methyl-piperazin-1-yl)-benzooxazol-2-yl]-benzoic acid,2-(4-morpholin-4-yl-phenyl)-benzooxazole-5-carboxylic acid,3-(6-azetidin-1-yl-benzooxazol-2-yl)-benzoic acid,2-[4-(3-chloro-propylamino)-phenyl]-benzooxazole-5-carboxylic acid,2-(4-fluoro-phenyl)-benzooxazole-5-carboxylic acid,2-(4-azetidin-1-yl-phenyl)-benzooxazole-5-carboxylic acid,2-furan-2-yl-benzooxazole-6-carboxylic acid,2-(2-fluoro-phenyl)-benzooxazole-6-carboxylic acid,2-(2,5-dimethyl-furan-3-yl)-benzooxazole-6-carboxylic acid,2-pyridin-3-yl-benzooxazole-6-carboxylic acid,3-[6-(pyrrolidine-1-carbonyl)-benzooxazol-2-yl]-benzoic acid,3-(6-phenethylamino-benzooxazol-2-yl)-benzamide,2-(2,5-dimethyl-furan-3-yl)-benzooxazole-5-carboxylic acid,3-[6-(4-methyl-[1,4]diazepan-1-yl)-benzooxazol-2-yl]-benzoic acid,3-(6-phenoxy-benzooxazol-2-yl)-benzoic acid,2-(6-pyrrolidin-1-yl-pyridin-3-yl)-benzooxazole-5-carboxylic acid,2-(6-morpholin-4-yl-pyridin-3-yl)-benzooxazole-5-carboxylic acid,2-(3,4,5,6-tetrahydro-2H-[1,2]bipyridinyl-5′-yl)-benzooxazole-5-carboxylicacid, 2-(6-azetidin-1-yl-pyridin-3-yl)-benzooxazole-6-carboxylic acid,2-(4-trifluoromethoxy-phenyl)-benzooxazole-5-carboxylic acid,3-[6-(benzyl-methyl-amino)-benzooxazol-2-yl]-benzoic acid,2-(3-trifluoromethoxy-phenyl)-benzooxazole-5-carboxylic acid,3-(6-phenylamino-benzooxazol-2-yl)-benzamide,3-(6-piperidin-1-yl-benzooxazol-2-yl)-benzamide,3-(6-methoxy-benzooxazol-2-yl)-benzamide,3-(6-methyl-benzooxazol-2-yl)-benzamide,N-[2-(4-bromo-3-methyl-phenyl)-benzooxazol-5-yl]-acetamide, or apharmaceutically acceptable free acid, free base, salt, hydrate,solvate, clathrate, racemate, stereoisomer, or polymorph thereof. 49.The method of claim 37, wherein the compound is:2-(4-isopropyl-phenyl)-benzooxazole-5-carboxylic acid,3-(5-methoxy-benzooxazol-2-yl)-benzoic acid,2-p-tolyl-benzooxazole-5-carboxylic acid,3-(6-piperidin-1-yl-benzooxazol-2-yl)-benzoic acid,2-(2-fluoro-phenyl)-benzooxazole-6-carboxylic acid,2-(6-pyrrolidin-1-yl-pyridin-3-yl)-benzooxazole-5-carboxylic acid, orN-[2-(4-bromo-3-methyl-phenyl)-benzooxazol-5-yl]-acetamide.
 50. Themethod of claim 37, wherein the compound isN-[2-(4-bromo-3-methyl-phenyl)-benzooxazol-5-yl]-acetamide.
 51. Themethod of claim 38, wherein the compound is a compound of Formula (I):

or a pharmaceutically acceptable free acid, free base, salt, hydrate,solvate, clathrate, racemate, stereoisomer, or polymorph thereof,wherein: Y and Z are each selected from N or C, wherein Y and Z are eachnot simultaneously N or C; W is N or C; R₁ is selected from hydrogen oraryl, wherein aryl is optionally substituted with carboxyl and, whereinR₁ is absent when Z is N; R₂ is selected from hydrogen, C₃₋₁₄cycloalkyl,aryl, heteroaryl or heterocyclyl, wherein aryl is optionally substitutedwith one, two, or three substituents each selected from halogen,carboxyl, C₁₋₆alkyl, C₁₋₆alkoxy, halo-C₁₋₆alkoxy, C₁₋₆alkoxy-carbonyl,amino or C₁₋₆alkyl-amino, or one substituent selected fromhalo-C₁₋₆alkyl-amino, hydroxy-C₁₋₆alkyl-amino, amino-carbonyl,C₁₋₆alkyl-amino-carbonyl, aryl, heteroaryl or heterocyclyl, optionallysubstituted on heterocyclyl with one or two oxo substituents, whereinheteroaryl is optionally substituted with one or two C₁₋₆alkylsubstituents or one heterocyclyl substituent, wherein heterocyclyl isoptionally substituted with one or two substituents each selected fromhalogen or C₁₋₆alkyl, and wherein R₂ is absent when Y is N; and R₃ isone, two, or three carbon atom substituents each selected from hydrogen,halogen, carboxyl, C₁₋₆alkyl, C₁₋₆alkoxy, amino, amino-C₁₋₆alkyl,C₁₋₆alkyl-carbonyl-amino, C₃₋₁₄cycloalkyl, C₃₋₁₄cycloalkyloxy,C₃₋₁₄cycloalkyl-C₁₋₆alkyl, aryl, aryloxy, aryloxy-C₁₋₆alkyl, heteroaryl,heteroaryl-C₁₋₆alkyl, heterocyclyl, heterocyclyl-C₁₋₆alkyl orheterocyclyl-carbonyl, wherein each instance of amino is optionallysubstituted with one or two substituents each selected from C₁₋₆alkyl,hydroxy-C₁₋₆alkyl, carboxy-C₁₋₆alkyl, aryl-C₁₋₆alkyl,heterocyclyl-C₁₋₆alkyl or aryl optionally substituted with one or twoC₁₋₆alkyl substituents, wherein each instance of aryl is optionallysubstituted with one or two substituents each selected from halogen,C₁₋₆alkyl, halo-C₁₋₆alkyl, C₁₋₆alkoxy, halo-C₁₋₆alkoxy or aryloptionally substituted with one or two C₁₋₆alkyl substituents, andwherein each instance of heterocyclyl is optionally substituted with oneor two substituents each selected from C₁₋₆alkyl or aryl optionallysubstituted with one or two C₁₋₆alkyl substituents, or is optionallysubstituted on one or two carbon atoms with an oxo substituent.
 52. Themethod of claim 51, wherein R₂ is selected from hydrogen, aryl,heteroaryl or heterocyclyl, wherein aryl is optionally substituted withone or two substituents each selected from halogen, carboxyl, C₁₋₆alkyl,C₁₋₆alkoxy, halo-C₁₋₆alkoxy or C₁₋₆alkoxy-carbonyl, or one substituentselected from halo-C₁₋₆alkyl-amino, hydroxy-C₁₋₆alkyl-amino,amino-carbonyl, aryl, heteroaryl or heterocyclyl optionally substitutedwith one oxo substituent, wherein heteroaryl is optionally substitutedwith one or two C₁₋₆alkyl substituents or one heterocyclyl substituent,wherein heterocyclyl is optionally substituted with two halogensubstituents, and wherein R₂ is absent when Y is N; and R₃ is one, two,or three carbon atom substituents each selected from hydrogen, halogen,carboxyl, C₁₋₆alkyl, C₁₋₆alkoxy, amino, amino-C₁₋₆alkyl,C₁₋₆alkyl-carbonyl-amino, aryl, aryloxy, aryloxy-C₁₋₆alkyl, heteroaryl,heteroaryl-C₁₋₆alkyl, heterocyclyl or heterocyclyl-carbonyl, whereineach instance of amino is optionally substituted with one or twosubstituents each selected from C₁₋₆alkyl, hydroxy-C₁₋₆alkyl,carboxy-C₁₋₆alkyl, aryl-C₁₋₆alkyl, heterocyclyl-C₁₋₆alkyl or aryloptionally substituted with one or two C₁₋₆alkyl substituents, whereineach instance of aryl is optionally substituted with one or twosubstituents each selected from halogen, C₁₋₆alkyl, halo-C₁₋₆alkyl,C₁₋₆alkoxy or halo-C₁₋₆alkoxy, and wherein each instance of heterocyclylis optionally substituted with one or two C₁₋₆alkyl substituents, or isoptionally substituted on a carbon atom with an oxo substituent.
 53. Themethod of claim 51, wherein R₁ is selected from hydrogen or phenyl,wherein phenyl is optionally substituted with carboxyl and, wherein R₁is absent when Z is N; R₂ is selected from hydrogen, phenyl, furanyl,thienyl, pyridinyl, 2,3-dihydro-benzofuranyl or benzo[1,3]dioxolyl,wherein phenyl is optionally substituted with one or two substituentseach selected from halogen, carboxyl, C₁₋₆alkyl, C₁₋₆alkoxy,halo-C₁₋₆alkoxy or C₁₋₆alkoxy-carbonyl, or one substituent selected fromhalo-C₁₋₆alkyl-amino, hydroxy-C₁₋₆alkyl-amino, amino-carbonyl, phenyl,pyrazolyl, azetidinyl, pyrrolidinyl or morpholinyl, optionallysubstituted on pyrrolidinyl with one oxo substituent, wherein furanyl,thienyl and pyridinyl is optionally substituted with one or twoC₁₋₆alkyl substituents or one azetidinyl, pyrrolidinyl, piperidinyl,piperazinyl or morpholinyl substituent, wherein benzo[1,3]dioxolyl isoptionally substituted with two halogen substituents, and wherein R₂ isabsent when Y is N; and R₃ is one, two, or three carbon atomsubstituents each selected from hydrogen, halogen, carboxyl, C₁₋₆alkyl,C₁₋₆alkoxy, amino, amino-C₁₋₆alkyl, C₁₋₆alkyl-carbonyl-amino, phenyl,phenyloxy, phenyloxy-C₁₋₆alkyl, imidazolyl, pyrazolyl,1H-1,2,4-triazolyl, benzofuranyl, imidazolyl-C₁₋₆alkyl, azetidinyl,pyrrolidinyl, piperidinyl, piperazinyl, morpholinyl, 1,4-diazepanyl,2,3-dihydro-indolyl, 3,4-dihydroisoquinolin-(1H)-yl,1,4-dioxa-8-azaspiro[4.5]decanyl, pyrrolidinyl-carbonyl ormorpholinyl-carbonyl, wherein each instance of amino is optionallysubstituted with one or two substituents each selected from C₁₋₆alkyl,hydroxy-C₁₋₆alkyl, carboxy-C₁₋₆alkyl, phenyl-C₁₋₆alkyl,benzo[1,3]dioxolyl-C₁₋₆alkyl, or phenyl optionally substituted with oneor two C₁₋₆alkyl substituents, wherein each instance of phenyl isoptionally substituted with one or two substituents each selected fromhalogen, C₁₋₆alkyl, halo-C₁₋₆alkyl, C₁₋₆alkoxy or halo-C₁₋₆alkoxy, andwherein each instance of azetidinyl, pyrrolidinyl, piperazinyl,morpholinyl or 1,4-diazepanyl is optionally substituted with one or twoC₁₋₆alkyl substituents, or is optionally substituted on one azetidinylor pyrrolidinyl carbon atom with an oxo substituent.
 54. The method ofclaim 51, wherein the compound of Formula (I) or a form thereof is acompound of Formula (Ia), Formula (Ib), Formula (Ic), Formula (Id),Formula (Ie) or Formula (If) or a form thereof, wherein all substituentvariables are as previously defined:


55. The method of claim 38, wherein the compound is:3-benzooxazol-2-yl-benzoic acid, 3-(6-methyl-benzooxazol-2-yl)-benzoicacid, 3-(5-phenyl-benzooxazol-2-yl)-benzoic acid,3-[5-(4-isopropyl-3-methyl-phenoxymethyl)-benzooxazol-2-yl]-benzoicacid, 3-{5-[(4-isopropyl-phenylamino)-methyl]-benzooxazol-2-yl}-benzoicacid, 3-(5-tert-butyl-benzooxazol-2-yl)-benzoic acid,3-(5-chloro-benzooxazol-2-yl)-benzoic acid,3-(6-imidazol-1-ylmethyl-benzooxazol-2-yl)-benzoic acid,3-(5-bromo-benzooxazol-2-yl)-benzoic acid,4-(5-phenyl-benzooxazol-2-yl)-benzoic acid,4-(6-methyl-benzooxazol-2-yl)-benzoic acid,4-(5-chloro-benzooxazol-2-yl)-benzoic acid,4-(5-tert-butyl-benzooxazol-2-yl)-benzoic acid,2-(3-carboxy-phenyl)-benzooxazole-6-carboxylic acid,2-(3-carboxy-phenyl)-benzooxazole-5-carboxylic acid,3-[5-(morpholine-4-carbonyl)-benzooxazol-2-yl]-benzoic acid,3-[6-(morpholine-4-carbonyl)-benzooxazol-2-yl]-benzoic acid,2-biphenyl-4-yl-benzooxazole-6-carboxylic acid,2-biphenyl-4-yl-benzooxazole-5-carboxylic acid,4-(5-bromo-benzooxazol-2-yl)-benzoic acid,3-(5-methyl-benzooxazol-2-yl)-benzoic acid,3-[5-(1,1-dimethyl-propyl)-benzooxazol-2-yl]-benzoic acid,3-(6-Phenyl-benzooxazol-2-yl)-benzoic acid,2-(4-isopropyl-phenyl)-benzooxazole-5-carboxylic acid,2-(4-isopropyl-phenyl)-benzooxazole-6-carboxylic acid,2-benzo[1,3]dioxol-5-yl-benzooxazole-5-carboxylic acid,2-biphenyl-4-yl-benzooxazole-7-carboxylic acid,2-[4-(2-oxo-pyrrolidin-1-yl)-phenyl]-benzooxazole-5-carboxylic acid,3-[5-(4-trifluoromethoxy-phenyl)-benzooxazol-2-yl]-benzoic acid,3-[5-(3,4-difluoro-phenyl)-benzooxazol-2-yl]-benzoic acid,3-(5-benzofuran-2-yl-benzooxazol-2-yl)-benzoic acid,3-(5-methoxy-benzooxazol-2-yl)-benzoic acid,3-(6-fluoro-benzooxazol-2-yl)-benzoic acid,3-[6-(2,6-dimethyl-morpholin-4-yl)-benzooxazol-2-yl]-benzoic acid methylester, 2-(4-bromo-phenyl)-benzooxazole-5-carboxylic acid,3-[5-(4-isopropyl-phenyl)-benzooxazol-2-yl]-benzoic acid,3-[5-(3,5-dimethyl-phenyl)-benzooxazol-2-yl]-benzoic acid,2-p-tolyl-benzooxazole-5-carboxylic acid,2-(4-methoxy-phenyl)-benzooxazole-5-carboxylic acid,2-(4-pyrrolidin-1-yl-phenyl)-benzooxazole-5-carboxylic acid,3-(6-piperidin-1-yl-benzooxazol-2-yl)-benzoic acid,3-(6-morpholin-4-yl-benzooxazol-2-yl)-benzoic acid,3-(5-pyrrolidin-1-yl-benzooxazol-2-yl)-benzoic acid,3-(6-pyrazol-1-yl-benzooxazol-2-yl)-benzoic acid,3-[6-(2-oxo-azetidin-1-yl)-benzooxazol-2-yl]-benzoic acid,3-[6-(1,4-dioxa-8-aza-spiro[4.5]dec-8-yl)-benzooxazol-2-yl]-benzoicacid, 2-[4-(2-oxo-pyrrolidin-1-yl)-phenyl]-benzooxazole-5-carboxylicacid, 3-[6-(4-methyl-piperazin-1-yl)-benzooxazol-2-yl]-benzoic acid,3-(6-imidazol-1-yl-benzooxazol-2-yl)-benzoic acid,3-[6-(2,3-dihydro-indol-1-yl)-benzooxazol-2-yl]-benzoic acid,2-(4-morpholin-4-yl-phenyl)-benzooxazole-5-carboxylic acid,3-(6-azetidin-1-yl-benzooxazol-2-yl)-benzoic acid,3-(6-pyrrolidin-1-yl-benzooxazol-2-yl)-benzoic acid,2-[4-(3-chloro-propylamino)-phenyl]-benzooxazole-5-carboxylic acid,2-(4-fluoro-phenyl)-benzooxazole-5-carboxylic acid,2-(4-pyrazol-1-yl-phenyl)-benzooxazole-5-carboxylic acid,2-(4-azetidin-1-yl-phenyl)-benzooxazole-5-carboxylic acid,2-phenyl-oxazolo[4,5-b]pyridine,6-bromo-2-phenyl-oxazolo[4,5-b]pyridine,3-(6-[1,2,4]triazol-1-yl-benzooxazol-2-yl)-benzoic acid,3-[6-(2-hydroxy-ethylamino)-benzooxazol-2-yl]-benzoic acid,3-[5-(2-oxo-pyrrolidin-1-yl)-benzooxazol-2-yl]-benzoic acid,2-[4-(3-hydroxy-propylamino)-phenyl]-benzooxazole-5-carboxylic acid,2-phenyl-benzooxazole-6-carboxylic acid,2-furan-2-yl-benzooxazole-6-carboxylic acid,2-(2-fluoro-phenyl)-benzooxazole-6-carboxylic acid,2-(2,5-dimethyl-furan-3-yl)-benzooxazole-6-carboxylic acid,2-pyridin-4-yl-benzooxazole-6-carboxylic acid,2-pyridin-3-yl-benzooxazole-6-carboxylic acid,2-(3-methyl-thiophen-2-yl)-benzooxazole-6-carboxylic acid,3-[6-(pyrrolidine-1-carbonyl)-benzooxazol-2-yl]-benzoic acid,3-[6-(5-hydroxy-pentylamino)-benzooxazol-2-yl]-benzoic acid,3-(6-phenethylamino-benzooxazol-2-yl)-benzamide,3-[6-(3-phenyl-propylamino)-benzooxazol-2-yl]-benzoic acid,2-(2,2-difluoro-benzo[1,3]dioxol-4-yl)-benzooxazole-6-carboxylic acid,3-oxazolo[4,5-b]pyridin-2-yl-benzoic acid,2-(2,5-dimethyl-furan-3-yl)-benzooxazole-5-carboxylic acid,2-furan-2-yl-benzooxazole-5-carboxylic acid,2-benzo[1,3]dioxol-5-yl-benzooxazole-6-carboxylic acid,3-[6-(6-hydroxy-hexylamino)-benzooxazol-2-yl]-benzoic acid,3-[6-(4-methyl-[1,4]diazepan-1-yl)-benzooxazol-2-yl]-benzoic acid,3-(6-phenoxy-benzooxazol-2-yl)-benzoic acid,3-[6-(4-hydroxy-butylamino)-benzooxazol-2-yl]-benzoic acid,3-(6-phenethylamino-benzooxazol-2-yl)-benzoic acid,2-(2-pyrrolidin-1-yl-pyridin-3-yl)-benzooxazole-6-carboxylic acid,2-(3,4-dimethoxy-phenyl)-benzooxazole-6-carboxylic acid,2-(6-morpholin-4-yl-pyridin-3-yl)-benzooxazole-6-carboxylic acid,2-(3,4-dimethoxy-phenyl)-benzooxazole-5-carboxylic acid,2-(6-pyrrolidin-1-yl-pyridin-3-yl)-benzooxazole-5-carboxylic acid,2-(6-morpholin-4-yl-pyridin-3-yl)-benzooxazole-5-carboxylic acid,2-(3,4,5,6-tetrahydro-2H-[1,2]bipyridinyl-5′-yl)-benzooxazole-5-carboxylicacid, 2-(6-azetidin-1-yl-pyridin-3-yl)-benzooxazole-5-carboxylic acid,2-(6-azetidin-1-yl-pyridin-3-yl)-benzooxazole-6-carboxylic acid,2-(3,4,5,6-tetrahydro-2H-[1,2]bipyridinyl-5′-yl)-benzooxazole-6-carboxylicacid, 2-(2,3-dihydro-benzofuran-5-yl)-benzooxazole-6-carboxylic acid,2-(6-piperazin-1-yl-pyridin-3-yl)-benzooxazole-6-carboxylic acid,2-(2,3-dihydro-benzofuran-5-yl)-benzooxazole-5-carboxylic acid,2-(4-trifluoromethoxy-phenyl)-benzooxazole-6-carboxylic acid,2-(3-methoxy-phenyl)-benzooxazole-6-carboxylic acid,2-(4-trifluoromethoxy-phenyl)-benzooxazole-5-carboxylic acid,2-(3-methoxy-phenyl)-benzooxazole-5-carboxylic acid,3-[6-(benzyl-methyl-amino)-benzooxazol-2-yl]-benzoic acid,3-{6-[(benzo[1,3]dioxol-5-ylmethyl)-amino]-benzooxazol-2-yl}-benzoicacid, 2-(3-trifluoromethoxy-phenyl)-benzooxazole-6-carboxylic acid,2-(3-trifluoromethoxy-phenyl)-benzooxazole-5-carboxylic acid,3-(6-phenylamino-benzooxazol-2-yl)-benzamide,3-(6-phenoxy-benzooxazol-2-yl)-benzamide,3-(6-fluoro-benzooxazol-2-yl)-benzamide,3-(6-morpholin-4-yl-benzooxazol-2-yl)-benzamide,3-(6-piperidin-1-yl-benzooxazol-2-yl)-benzamide,3-(6-methoxy-benzooxazol-2-yl)-benzamide,3-(6-methyl-benzooxazol-2-yl)-benzamide,4-(6-methyl-benzooxazol-2-yl)-benzamide,3-(6-phenethylamino-benzooxazol-2-yl)-benzamide,4-(5-isopropyl-benzo[d]isoxazol-3-yl)-benzoic acid,3-(5-isopropyl-benzo[d]isoxazol-3-yl)-benzoic acid,3-(5-methoxy-benzo[d]isoxazol-3-yl)-benzoic acid,4-(6-methoxy-benzo[d]isoxazol-3-yl)-benzoic acid,3-(6-methoxy-benzo[d]isoxazol-3-yl)-benzoic acid,3-(6-phenyl-benzo[d]isoxazol-3-yl)-benzoic acid,4-(6-phenyl-benzo[d]isoxazol-3-yl)-benzoic acid,3-(6-p-tolyl-benzo[d]isoxazol-3-yl)-benzoic acid,4-(6-p-tolyl-benzo[d]isoxazol-3-yl)-benzoic acid,4-[6-(4-fluoro-phenyl)-benzo[d]isoxazol-3-yl]-benzoic acid,3-[6-(4-fluoro-phenyl)-benzo[d]isoxazol-3-yl]-benzoic acid,3-[6-(4-trifluoromethoxy-phenyl)-benzo[d]isoxazol-3-yl]-benzoic acid,3-[6-(4-trifluoromethyl-phenyl)-benzo[d]isoxazol-3-yl]-benzoic acid,N-[2-(4-bromo-3-methyl-phenyl)-benzooxazol-5-yl]-acetamide, or apharmaceutically acceptable free acid, free base, salt, hydrate,solvate, clathrate, racemate, stereoisomer, or polymorph thereof. 56.The method of claim 38, wherein the compound is:3-(6-methyl-benzooxazol-2-yl)-benzoic acid,3-(5-tert-butyl-benzooxazol-2-yl)-benzoic acid,3-(6-imidazol-1-ylmethyl-benzooxazol-2-yl)-benzoic acid,4-(6-methyl-benzooxazol-2-yl)-benzoic acid,2-biphenyl-4-yl-benzooxazole-6-carboxylic acid,2-biphenyl-4-yl-benzooxazole-5-carboxylic acid,3-(5-methyl-benzooxazol-2-yl)-benzoic acid,3-[5-(1,1-dimethyl-propyl)-benzooxazol-2-yl]-benzoic acid,3-(6-Phenyl-benzooxazol-2-yl)-benzoic acid,2-(4-isopropyl-phenyl)-benzooxazole-5-carboxylic acid,2-benzo[1,3]dioxol-5-yl-benzooxazole-5-carboxylic acid,2-[4-(2-oxo-pyrrolidin-1-yl)-phenyl]-benzooxazole-5-carboxylic acid,3-[5-(4-trifluoromethoxy-phenyl)-benzooxazol-2-yl]-benzoic acid,3-[5-(3,4-difluoro-phenyl)-benzooxazol-2-yl]-benzoic acid,3-(5-benzofuran-2-yl-benzooxazol-2-yl)-benzoic acid,3-(5-methoxy-benzooxazol-2-yl)-benzoic acid,2-(4-bromo-phenyl)-benzooxazole-5-carboxylic acid,3-[5-(4-isopropyl-phenyl)-benzooxazol-2-yl]-benzoic acid,3-[5-(3,5-dimethyl-phenyl)-benzooxazol-2-yl]-benzoic acid,2-p-tolyl-benzooxazole-5-carboxylic acid,2-(4-methoxy-phenyl)-benzooxazole-5-carboxylic acid,3-(6-piperidin-1-yl-benzooxazol-2-yl)-benzoic acid,3-(6-morpholin-4-yl-benzooxazol-2-yl)-benzoic acid,3-(5-pyrrolidin-1-yl-benzooxazol-2-yl)-benzoic acid,3-(6-pyrazol-1-yl-benzooxazol-2-yl)-benzoic acid,3-[6-(4-methyl-piperazin-1-yl)-benzooxazol-2-yl]-benzoic acid,2-(4-morpholin-4-yl-phenyl)-benzooxazole-5-carboxylic acid,3-(6-azetidin-1-yl-benzooxazol-2-yl)-benzoic acid,2-[4-(3-chloro-propylamino)-phenyl]-benzooxazole-5-carboxylic acid,2-(4-fluoro-phenyl)-benzooxazole-5-carboxylic acid,2-(4-azetidin-1-yl-phenyl)-benzooxazole-5-carboxylic acid,2-furan-2-yl-benzooxazole-6-carboxylic acid,2-(2-fluoro-phenyl)-benzooxazole-6-carboxylic acid,2-(2,5-dimethyl-furan-3-yl)-benzooxazole-6-carboxylic acid,2-pyridin-3-yl-benzooxazole-6-carboxylic acid,3-[6-(pyrrolidine-1-carbonyl)-benzooxazol-2-yl]-benzoic acid,3-(6-phenethylamino-benzooxazol-2-yl)-benzamide,2-(2,5-dimethyl-furan-3-yl)-benzooxazole-5-carboxylic acid,3-[6-(4-methyl-[1,4]diazepan-1-yl)-benzooxazol-2-yl]-benzoic acid,3-(6-phenoxy-benzooxazol-2-yl)-benzoic acid,2-(6-pyrrolidin-1-yl-pyridin-3-yl)-benzooxazole-5-carboxylic acid,2-(6-morpholin-4-yl-pyridin-3-yl)-benzooxazole-5-carboxylic acid,2-(3,4,5,6-tetrahydro-2H-[1,2]bipyridinyl-5′-yl)-benzooxazole-5-carboxylicacid, 2-(6-azetidin-1-yl-pyridin-3-yl)-benzooxazole-6-carboxylic acid,2-(4-trifluoromethoxy-phenyl)-benzooxazole-5-carboxylic acid,3-[6-(benzyl-methyl-amino)-benzooxazol-2-yl]-benzoic acid,2-(3-trifluoromethoxy-phenyl)-benzooxazole-5-carboxylic acid,3-(6-phenylamino-benzooxazol-2-yl)-benzamide,3-(6-piperidin-1-yl-benzooxazol-2-yl)-benzamide,3-(6-methoxy-benzooxazol-2-yl)-benzamide,3-(6-methyl-benzooxazol-2-yl)-benzamide,N-[2-(4-bromo-3-methyl-phenyl)-benzooxazol-5-yl]-acetamide, or apharmaceutically acceptable free acid, free base, salt, hydrate,solvate, clathrate, racemate, stereoisomer, or polymorph thereof. 57.The method of claim 38, wherein the compound is:2-(4-isopropyl-phenyl)-benzooxazole-5-carboxylic acid,3-(5-methoxy-benzooxazol-2-yl)-benzoic acid,2-p-tolyl-benzooxazole-5-carboxylic acid,3-(6-piperidin-1-yl-benzooxazol-2-yl)-benzoic acid,2-(2-fluoro-phenyl)-benzooxazole-6-carboxylic acid,2-(6-pyrrolidin-1-yl-pyridin-3-yl)-benzooxazole-5-carboxylic acid, orN-[2-(4-bromo-3-methyl-phenyl)-benzooxazol-5-yl]-acetamide.
 58. Themethod of claim 38, wherein the compound isN-[2-(4-bromo-3-methyl-phenyl)-benzooxazol-5-yl]-acetamide.